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The age state structure of Rumex confertus Willd. populations in permanent plots in subse quent years.
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Rumex confertus is one of the alien species vigorously entering native meadow as well as ruderal communities in major river valleys. In about a hundred years the species invaded almost the whole territory of Poland. Many reports stating that Russian Dock may reach high coverage in various phytocoenoses contradict those of its low generative reprodu...
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... it can be seen in Fig. 4, the meadow coenopopulation (A) has the most diversified age-state structure; all stages are present there. Genets in generative phase are the largest group, making about 70% of genets distinguished in a given sample plot. There are up to 30% of juvenile and virginile genets, and only 6% of secondary vegetative ones. The alike ...
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In this paper, we introduce a novel vision system for robotized weed control on various weed recognition tasks. Initially, we present a robotic platform and its camera setup, that can be used in crop-based and grassland-based weed control tasks. Then, we develop our proposed vision system for robotic application, using a weed recognition framework....
Citations
... It is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows along roads, on the edge of forests, near rivers. In America and Poland, the plant is considered an invasive weed that is constantly controlled [5,6]. ...
... It was determined that the seeds germinate well in moist soils with high nitrate content and are able to enter a state of dormancy under adverse conditions [2]. However, despite the high similarity, the seedlings of the plant very often die in the initial phase of growth, and very rarely can be seen in one area different stages of development plant [6]. ...
... Authors Kuzmin V. and Gontar E. studied the morphological features of the root system of R. alpinus, R. confertus, R. crispus, R. domesticus Hartm., R. patientia L., R. pseudonatronatus Borb., R. rechingerianus Losinsk., R. tianschanicus Losinsk., R. aquaticus L., R. hydrolapathum Huds. in the 1970-s and concluded that the underground part of these plants is represented by rhizome, hypocotyl (one part of which has a stem structure with additional roots, and the other -the structure of the main root with lateral roots) and the main root system, but they conclude that the underground organs of the plant are the roots [7]. Later, in 2000-s it has also been determined that rhizomes with additional roots appear at about 3 years of the age in the generative phase of the plant, and before that the plants have only a top root system (that is the underground organs of the plant are both rhizomes and roots) [6]. ...
The aim is to study the morphological and anatomical structure of the underground organs of R. confertus and to establish the type of medicinal plant raw materials, to determine a number of its indicators of quality and quantitative content of some groups of biologically active substances using modern methods of analysis.
Materials and methods. It was used air-dry and freshly collected raw materials and a microscope Delta optic BioLight 300 (Poland) to study the macro- and microscopic characteristics of the plant raw materials. Determination of amount of hydroxycinnamic acids and total polyphenols was determined spectrophotometrically according to monograph «Nettle leaf» and the method 2.8.14 of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine 2.0 (on a spectrophotometer Optizen POP (Korea)). The study of the component composition of hydroxycinnamic acids was performed by HPLC.
Results. As a result of research of plant raw materials it was established that the underground organs of Rumex confertus are the roots of annual plants and the rhizomes and roots of two or three annual plants. Diagnostic features: morphological (for the root and rhizome - the nature of the surface and fracture) and anatomical (for the rhizome - aerenchyma in the cortex, the presence and location of scleroids and sclerenchyma in the plant raw materials of two or three annual plants, the presence in the cells of the cortex and pith parenchyma simple starch grains, druses and cells with yellow content in freshly harvested plant raw materials; for the root - the colour of peridermal cells, the degree of development of pith rays, the remainder of the primary xylem; a distinctive feature of the annual root from two or three annuals is the absence of scleroids). It was determined the borderline boundaries of indicators in the series of plant raw materials: loss on drying (not more than 13. 5 %), total ash (not more than 11 %), extractable matter (not less than 33 %) and the quantitative content of amount of hydroxycinnamic acids (not less than 1.3 %) and total polyphenols (not less than 3.5 %). It was identified chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids.
Conclusions. It was determined the type of underground organs of Rumex confertus: annuals had only roots (tap root systems), from the second to the third year of life the plants have both rhizomes and tap root system. It was established their morphological and anatomical diagnostic features and determined numerical indicators and the quantitative content of the amount of hydroxycinnamic acids and total polyphenols with using modern methods of analysis and chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids were identified. The obtained data will be used in further research, including the development of the draft monograph of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine 2.0 or the draft methods of quality control of medicinal plant raw materials Rumex confertus and the creation of herbal medicines
... In Poland it occurs predominantly along rivers and invades seminatural vegetation (e.g. meadows, wet ditches, riparian-scrub), but has been recently colonizing disturbed habitats (such as roadsides, railway tracks and embankments), forest clearings and margins 76,77 . The aggressiveness of R. confertus results from its ability to establish quickly from seed, to flower in its first year and to its fast growth and high seed production some of which can remain viable for very long periods in the soil 77 . ...
... meadows, wet ditches, riparian-scrub), but has been recently colonizing disturbed habitats (such as roadsides, railway tracks and embankments), forest clearings and margins 76,77 . The aggressiveness of R. confertus results from its ability to establish quickly from seed, to flower in its first year and to its fast growth and high seed production some of which can remain viable for very long periods in the soil 77 . ...
Abstract Rumex confertus is an alien invasive perennial plant that has increased its range rapidly within central Europe in the last 100 years. This study examined the effects of a commercial fertilizer on the competition between the invasive Rumex confertus and two non-invasive native species R. acetosa or R. conglomeratus in terms of morphological and physiological traits and relative yield. All three Rumex species were grown in the open field with two levels of nutrient availability in field plots. Competition and fertilizer had significant effects on height, relative growth rate (RGR), specific leaf area (SLA) as well as shoot and root biomass of all three species. The fertilized plants had high macronutrient and nitrate contents in leaf tissue. Relative yield of R. confertus was
... Since the groundbreaking publications of Eriksson [4,5], bringing evidence that sexual reproduction in populations of clonal plants may be frequent, the amount of research of the effectiveness of generative propagation increased remarkably. The large body of data indicates that the size of seeds, their germination capacity, as well as the recruitment and survivability of seedlings might vary in relation to different habitat conditions i.e. the character of adjacent plants [6][7][8][9][10][11][12], successional stage [13], climatic conditions [14][15][16][17], altitude above soil level [18], light intensity [19], soil humidity [20], as well as salinity level [21]. ...
Observations were carried out in the years 2014-2015 in moor grass meadows, old fields, willow thickets and macroforbs. In the successive study sites, the height of the standing vegetation and soil moisture gradually increased, whilst the light availability decreased. Stable in consecutive seasons, the total number of ramets per generative ramet cluster achieved the lowest values in willow thickets due to mechanical suppression of vegetative growth by the robust underground organs of neighbouring plants. Constant during the study period, the share of generative stems decreased in successive study sites, while the percentage of leaf rosettes showed an inverted tendency. The increase of height of generative stems and number of flowers per inflorescence in consecutive Patches, as well as the augmentation of length of flowers in time and space, might trigger an improvement of generative reproduction in a crowded environment. The increase of the number of nodes and dimensions of cauline leaf blades in successive Patches and the augmentation of the number and dimensions of rosette leaves in the time and space might contribute to greater efficacy of light capture in growing shading. Summarizing the plasticity of traits might assure the spread of generative ramet clusters in open habitats, as well as their persistence in crowded sites.
... (Asiatic dock) is a biennial species native to Eastern Europe and Asia, where it thrives on meadow-steppes and glades in forest-steppe [19,20]. Rumex confertus was found for the first time in Poland on the river Bug in 1873 and currently it appears a common plant in eastern Poland, reaching even the Baltic coast to the North, and it has many diffused localities also in western Poland ( Figure 1) [18,20,21]. It is now widespread also in Baltic countries and treated as invasive plant in Lithuania [22], as well as Romania [23], Serbia [24], Bulgaria [24], Hungary [25], and Czech Republic [26]. ...
... Freshly matured seeds of R. confertus are nondormant and high percentages of germination were obtained when the seeds were incubated in light at 22 ∘ C. Other Rumex-species seeds are also non dormant at maturity [8]. Stosik [21] showed the results comparable to our light Experiment 1 under the same temperature conditions (22 ∘ C). However, our results are contrary to those reported by Almazova and Rabornov [19], who stated that 90-98% of seeds germinated on flood-plain meadows of the river Oka in central Russia. ...
Rumex confertus
is a biennial species native to Eastern Europe and Asia, where it thrives on meadow-steppes and glades in forest-steppe. This species has increased its range rapidly within central Europe, yet its biology is not well understood, which has led to poorly timed management. Effects of temperature, light, sodium chloride (NaCl), hydrogen ion concentration (pH), potassium nitrate (KNO
3
), and polyethylene glycol 6000 on seed germination were examined. Seedling emergence was examined for seeds sown at different depths in sand-filled pots. Seeds of
R. confertus
were nondormant at maturity. The germination percentage and rate of germination were significantly higher in light than in darkness. Secondary dormancy was induced in these seeds by 12 weeks of dark incubation at 4°C. The seeds of
R. confertus
undergo a seasonal dormancy cycle with deep dormancy in winter and early spring and a low level of dormancy in early autumn. Germination decreased as soil salinity increased.
NO
3
-
increased the percentage and rate of germination in the studied species. Decrease in seedling emergence from the seeds buried at >0.5 cm may be due to deficiency of light. From our experiments, we conclude that the weed
R. confertus
normally becomes established in vegetation gaps or due to disturbance of the uppermost soil layer during the growing season through the germination of seeds originating from a long-lived seed bank.
... The reasons for this are the similar morphological and numerical features of the valves and the fruits (Table 2 ), similar habit and ruderal habitats occupied by the two taxa. A study of the numerical strength of the populations of R. confertus in Central Europe describes the species as an invasive and aggressive weed (Jehlik & al. 2001, Stosik 2006). Its distribution in Bulgaria has been recently confirmed by Raycheva & Dimitrova (2007). ...
The high level of morphological similarities among the Bulgarian species of Rumex subg. Rumex makes their distinguishing difficult. ISSRs methods have proven that they ensure detection of intraspecific variation without any need of prior information about the existing sequences. Therefore, they were used in the present study.
Twelve accessions of R. patientia, R. cristatus, R. confertus, and R. alpinus were sampled in this study, with R. pulcher (five accessions) as a referent species. ISSR-PCR reactions of 10 primers were used for the distinction of the four studied species and the assessment of their genetic diversity. The ISSR markers exhibited significant polymorphism in the studied taxa. The genetic similarity among them served for the construction of a dendrogram. The combination of the results from the used primers classifies the studied species into two major groups: Group 1 with R. patinetia, R. cristatus and R. confertus is genetically similar and of similar ploidy level; Group 2 includes the diploid R. alpinus and the referent species R. pulcher.
The achieved high percentage of accuracy has shown how promising the application of this approach is for other Rumex species.
... It alters penetrated phytocoenoses which leads to a decrease in biological diversity. Growing in meadows it reduces the fodder quality of hay (Jehlik et al. 2001;Stosik 2006). ...
Rumex confertus is an invasive plant to the fl ora of Bulgaria. Th e species is the only representative of Rumex, sect. Rumex, subsect. Conferti in Bulgaria. Th e information about the distribution of the species in the country is contradictory. Th e material of R. confertus were wrongly determined as R. patientia, probably because the two species have similar morphological characteristics. Diagnostic morphological parameters and somatic chromosome number of the species 2n = 100 have been presented. Th is is the fi rst report of this species chromosome number from the Balkans. New chorological data of the species in the Bulgarian fl ora have been reported for the Znepole region. Th e Bulgarian distribution of the species has been mapped.
In fresh moist meadows, double-cut, located in the Bydgoszcz Canal Valley, you can find Ostericum palustre, a species of priority importance, which requires protection in the form of designation of Natura 2000 sites. The aim of the present research was to define the effect of the cutting date on blooming and fruit-bearing of O. palustre in meadows covered by the PO1b agro-environmental programme. Phenological observations included three populations of O. palustre. The first one occurs in a traditionally used meadow, not covered by the agro-environmental programme (2) where the date of the first cut falls in mid June. The second one is located in a meadow covered by the agro-environmental programme (1) where the first cutting date is possible from July 1, and the third population located in a natural meadow is not agriculturally used (0). The present research showed that individuals of O. palustre in the traditionally used meadows (2), prior to the first cut, reach the leaf rosette phase, while individuals which occur in the meadow covered by the agro-environmental programme (1), prior to the first cut, reach the generative tiller phase. Full bloom of O. palustre in the traditionally used meadows occurs after July 20, while individuals of O. palustre in the agro-environmental programme reach that phase only at the beginning of August. At the same time, about August 6, the first inflorescence in 70% of individuals in the agriculturally unused meadow (0) has ripe fruit, and in mid August all fruits are ripe. In mid August 70% of individuals in the meadow used for traditional cutting have ripe fruits of the first inflorescence, and right before the second cut, on August 27, almost 90% of fruits were ripe. Most O. palustre individuals in the meadows covered by the agro-environmental programme do not finish blooming of the first inflorescence before mid August. By the end of August, about 60% of individuals reach the phase of young fruits. The first ripe fruits occur as late as September 12. About September 20 most fruits are ripe. To sum up, delayed PO1b agro-environmental programme meadow cutting, after July 1, does not facilitate the production of ripe fruit in O. palustre individuals.
