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Water is crucial to life. This has led to the inclusion of a specific water-related target in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study by World Health Organization (WHO) stated that about 663 million people worldwide have no adequate access to safe drinking water while UNICEF stated that about 65 m...
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... study is based on the theoretical framework of Sustainable Livelihood (Figure 1) which was first developed by the Department for International Development (DFID, 2001). The framework has been used extensively to provide analytical contexts for the formulation of sustainable and propoor development policies especially in developing economies. ...
Context 2
... study is based on the theoretical framework of Sustainable Livelihood (Figure 1) which was first developed by the Department for International Development (DFID, 2001). The framework has been used extensively to provide analytical contexts for the formulation of sustainable and propoor development policies especially in developing economies. ...
Context 3
... study is based on the theoretical framework of Sustainable Livelihood (Figure 1) which was first developed by the Department for International Development (DFID, 2001). The framework has been used extensively to provide analytical contexts for the formulation of sustainable and propoor development policies especially in developing economies. ...
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By reinforcing the concept of community, a unique development process has been set off in villages of Orissa, one of the poorest states in India. The fundamentals of the programme require 100% participation from all villagers with clearly defined stakes and mechanisms for institutional and financial sustainability. The programme shows how something...
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... These days, it is not unusual to witness people in both urban and rural areas frantically looking for water due to various issues [10]. Due to the lack of access to a safe water supply, the people are forced to look for alternative sources, which often require them to pay a third party a hefty fee for small-scale deliveries. ...
... However, there are four main types of issues related to urban water delivery in Nigeria: institutional, financial, commercial, and operational [3]. In Ibadan, like most major cities in Nigeria, urban water supply is confronted with these challenges, as citizens lack access to the system, the municipality does not provide water to their regions, or both [10]. ...
The significance of water in human life cannot be ignored, but in most of the developing countries; availability, provision and access to good water source to the citizens has post major challenges. The nature of water scarcity has been majorly attributed to seasonal factor and high population pressure. This study therefore aimed at developing a practical approach and mechanism to solving water challenges in urban areas in Nigeria by means of game theory. The findings revealed that majority of respondents lack access to portable or drinkable water from water agency and that regular water supply sources have been traced to be borehole or well which was provided by citizens in the community at a cost. Applying the game theory approach, the outcome of the game indicates that the equilibrium value for the two players (the water agency and the residents) is N2,000 for 1,000 liters of water supply monthly. However, the payoff can be maiximised by every player (monetary values for the water agency and satisfactory water consumption for the residents). It is therefore importance that water agency should improve in the quality of their work in providing adequate water supply to the community to reduce or eradicate ailment arises from non availability of quality water.
... The demand for safe and sanitary drinking water is a basic human right worldwide (1,2). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 29% of the global population does not have access to water free from contamination. ...
Background: Several contaminants such as trace elements can pollute drinking water sources with subsequent toxic effects on humans. These compounds may also accumulate in target organs and result in carcinogenic reactions. Objectives: The concentrations of heavy metals, including arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), copper (1), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), iron (Cd), tin (2), antimony (Sb), chromium (3), and mercury (Hg) were aimed to determine in the drinking water of Tehran, Iran and to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk for consumers. Methods: A total of 66 tap water samples were collected from 22 regions of Tehran and their heavy metal contents were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks were calculated, using hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), respectively. Results: The findings revealed that the mean concentrations of measured elements were lower than the maximum permissible limits established by Iranian National Standards, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and the World Health Organization (WHO). HQ was less than 1 for all metals except Cr and ILCR was higher than 1× 10-4 for Cr and Cd, which may cause human health risk. Conclusions: No carcinogenic effects were posed by heavy metals contamination in the drinking water of Tehran; however, the content of Cr and Cd may cause human health risks because of the high daily intake of tap water throughout the lifetime and the tendency of these metals to accumulate in the human body organs. Therefore, implementing ongoing programs to monitor heavy metals in municipal drinking water and applying appropriate corrective actions to prevent the transfer of these pollutants to drinking water is crucial.
... The demand for safe and sanitary drinking water is a basic human right worldwide (1,2). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 29% of the global population does not have access to water free from contamination. ...
Background: Several contaminants such as trace elements can pollute drinking water sources with subsequent toxic effects on humans. These compounds may also accumulate in target organs and result in carcinogenic reactions. Objectives: The concentrations of heavy metals, including arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), copper (1), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), iron (Cd), tin (2), antimony (Sb), chromium (3), and mercury (Hg) were aimed to determine in the drinking water of Tehran, Iran and to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk for consumers. Methods: A total of 66 tap water samples were collected from 22 regions of Tehran and their heavy metal contents were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks were calculated, using hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), respectively. Results: The findings revealed that the mean concentrations of measured elements were lower than the maximum permissible limits established by Iranian National Standards, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and the World Health Organization (WHO). HQ was less than 1 for all metals except Cr and ILCR was higher than 1× 10-4 for Cr and Cd, which may cause human health risk. Conclusions: No carcinogenic effects were posed by heavy metals contamination in the drinking water of Tehran; however, the content of Cr and Cd may cause human health risks because of the high daily intake of tap water throughout the lifetime and the tendency of these metals to accumulate in the human body organs. Therefore, implementing ongoing programs to monitor heavy metals in municipal drinking water and applying appropriate corrective actions to prevent the transfer of these pollutants to drinking water is crucial.
... It is a complex situation without a clear identification or solution in the early days [25]. In emerging countries like Nigeria new studies indicated the 74% people investigated; ''they don't have adequate access to water while 44.1% stated household access to water is poor" [30] with extremely desert condition. ...
... The clean water production has been used for the cleaning process in the PV solar plant, it has been reduced the impact in Soiling from 8 % to 1.86 % to 2.48 %; however, this process could generate 128,000 L of water per year or 350 L per day in desert conditions; for the supply of the population or the generation of green areas in the desert, for cultivation. As a future work, the next steps are the complete evaluation of ''microbial contaminant in soil, physicalchemical analysis of soil samples close to water bodies" [30] generated in the PV solar plant. ...
... Liters per day Efficiency compared with household demand per day ''Household demand per day" [30] 152.24 -''Wastewater treatment: Quantity obtainable per day" [30] 105.75 69.5% ...
In Latin America the renewable energy has increased in 40GW, during the last twenty years; in this perspective countries as Perú, Chile, Brazil, Bolivia and Colombia have extensive desert with the highest irradiance and large field available for this technology. One example is the Atacama Desert and its extension in Chile and Peru; however, it has some challenges as the water availability. Therefore, the clean water availability for industry and agriculture is a problem, only 2.5% of the world's water is fresh water, this value is decreasing every year for agriculture and industrial process. Our methodology has been applied during 2019 to 2021 with a real case study, one water machine has generated 128,000 L of water per year, >230% of efficiency compared with traditional techniques with the same energy consumption: its contribution with a correlational study of 92.33%.
... Balsalobre-Lorente et al. (2021) and Gbadegesin and Olayide (2021) analyzed the asymmetric impact of air transport on EG in Spain using the data from 1970 to 2015 and using an asymmetric ARDL approach. The effects of RE and urbanization on EG were also deliberated, revealing that air transportation, urbanization, and social globalization were positively related to EG, while RE appeared to be negatively associated with EG. ...
A global shift toward renewable energy has proved to be a major constituent in drifting toward climate change. Given the context, the present research study focuses on the nexus between renewable energy, transport services, and performance on economic and environmental fronts. The study has employed an ARDL time series approach to test the effects of hypothesized relationships for the period from 1989 to 2020. The results of the study divulge that the consumption of RE is inversely and significantly coupled with the economic and environmental performance indicators, validating the notion that Romania has emerged as a leading renewable energy user. Foreign direct investment inflows in Romania are significantly and positively associated with the economic and environmental performance indicators. However, the impact of foreign direct investment inflows tends to be smaller than that of the forest area and renewable energy. All the exogenous variables appear to affect the economic and environmental performance indicators significantly in the short run. Furthermore, the forest area is negatively linked with the economic and environmental performance indicators in the Romanian economy. Based on the outcomes of the research, policy prescriptions are suggested to safeguard against environmental degradation and support growth in the much-needed forest resources.
... Therefore, stimulating the EEF can become an incentive to increase the ENC (Brookes 1979). In addition, to the EEF, the TEC is a vital factor to stimulate the savings of the ENC since its incidence contributes to the increase in the efficiency of the production factors (Xie et al. 2021;Schipper and Silvius 2021;Gbadegesin and Olayide 2021). In turn, GDP is a primary variable considered in the behavior of ENC since all human activities demand energy; therefore, it becomes a fundamental factor in this analysis Ponce et al. 2020). ...
Energy consumption is defined as one of the main determinants of environmental degradation. Therefore, this issue becomes one of the main points of debate to achieve sustainable development. This research examines how a set of economic factors determine the energy consumption in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, for which second-generation econometric methods have been used that control cross-sectional dependence issues. Therefore, the results, using nonlinear methods, suggest the presence of Jevons' paradox in these countries. However, under the Jevons' paradox scenario, technological innovation becomes a factor that mitigates energy demand. Contrary to the foreign direct investment that contributes significantly to the increase in energy consumption, from the results found, some policy implications are derived in the framework of achieving sustainable development.
... Environmental policies should be set to ensure eco-friendly practices and sustainable use of the available resources [5]. The lack of a strict environmental policy and sustainable water governance can increase the water stress, adversely affect the agricultural sector, and lead to many serious health problems [6,7]. The chemical properties of the reused water as well as the biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solids have many significant impacts [8,9]. ...
This paper introduces a new concept for water security, the Irrigation Water Security Quality-based Index. Through this concept, the irrigation water security is presented based on quantity and quality. The effect of water quality parameters on agriculture productivity, soil deterioration, and public health was evaluated. The probability of harm was used in the risk analysis and assessment. The developed index was applied to evaluate the Egyptian irrigation system, 10% reduction in the Nile’s supply, and four adaptation scenarios as an illustrative example. Drainage water reuse is adopted in Egypt to provide a sufficient supply and improve the water security. However, this improved water security doesn’t consider the water’s quality. The current Egyptian condition and 10% Nile reduction showed water insecurity. Expanding drainage and sewage water treatment improved the developed index to high security levels. This highlights the importance of drainage water treatment in attaining a sustainable high water security level.
