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The absolute values for cycle length before, during, and after exposure to 67 μg of MWCNT by instillation for controls (a) and exposed (b) females are shown (control group n = 19–22, exposed group n = 21–23)
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Background
The use of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) is increasing due to a growing use in a variety of products across several industries. Thus, occupational exposure is also of increasing concern, particularly since airway exposure to MWCNTs can induce sustained pulmonary acute phase response and inflammation in experimental animals, which...
Citations
... The majority of nanoparticles are generally benign, although a small number may also have adverse effects. such as; for example, stretched out pneumonic exposure to carbon nanotubes may prompt regenerative issues to the laborers of the drug associations [34]. ...
... These novel chemicals also facilitate medicine delivery to the organs and tissues that need it. They alter how drugs or other substances are absorbed, utilized, digested, and expelled from the body, acquiring a therapeutic effect, enhancing bioavailability, stability, lengthening movement, and reducing the frequency of doses necessary to maintain therapeutic responses and toxicity [105]. ...
... Fifteen of these studies examined female reproductive organs, while others assayed male organs, two of which were on human sperm [58,82]. Female mice exposed to MWCNTs had prolonged estrous cycles [83]. In another study, amino-functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG)-ylated SWCNTs (PEG-SWC-NTs) showed teratogenic effects in pregnant mice at a dose of 30 μg/mouse and caused hepatic impairment in dams. ...
The unique characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs) have captivated scientists in various fields of research. However, their safety profile has not been fully scrutinized. In this regard, the effects of NPs on the reproductive system of animals and humankind have been a matter of concern. In this article, we will review the potential reproductive toxicity of various types of NPs, including carbon nanomaterials, dendrimers, quantum dots, silica, gold, and magnetic nanoparticles, reported in the literature. We also mention some notable cases where NPs have elicited beneficial effects on the reproductive system. This review provides extensive insight into the effects of various NPs on sperm and ovum and the outcomes of their passage through blood-testis and placental barriers and accumulation in the reproductive organs.
... In relation to LDH, numerous researches reported its levels in BALF to assess lung toxicity of several types of MWCNT, especially in inhalation studies (Pauluhn 2010;Johansson et al. 2017;Hadrup et al. 2017;Rahman et al. 2017;Gaté et al. 2019). However, for both MWCNT in this study, little has been demonstrated in the literature. ...
This study characterized and investigated the toxicity of two multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) NM-401 and NM-403 at 60 and 180 µg after four repeated intratracheal instillations; follow-up times were 3, 7, 30, and 90 days after the last instillation. NM-401 was needle-like, long, and thick, while NM-403 was entangled, short, and thin. Both MWCNT types induced transient pulmonary and systemic alterations in renal function and oxidative lipid damage markers in recent times. Animals showed general toxicity in the immediate times after exposures, in addition to increased pulmonary LDH release at day 3. In further times, decreased liver and kidney relative weights were noted at higher MWCNT doses. Lung histological damages included pulmonary fibrosis, for both MWCNT types, similarly to asbestos; single liver and kidney histological alterations were present. Repeated instillations led to persistent pulmonary damage at low doses, and possibly the extrapulmonary effects may be associated with the consecutive exposures.
... Exposure to MWCNTs also affected delivery time. Mice exposed to the dose of 2 µg gave birth earlier compared to the control group, while the doses of 18 µg and 67 µg delayed delivery [60]. ...
The presented review aims to summarize the knowledge regarding the reproductive and developmental toxicity of different types of carbon nanoparticles, such as graphene, graphene oxide, multi- and single-walled nanotubes, fullerenes, and nanodiamonds. Carbon nanoparticles have unique chemical and physical properties that make them an excellent material that can be applied in many fields of human activity, including industry, food processing, the pharmaceutical industry, or medicine. Although it has a high degree of biocompatibility, possible toxic effects on different tissue types must also be taken into account. Carbon nanoparticles are known to be toxic to the respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, digestive system, etc., and, according to current studies, they also have a negative effect on reproduction and offspring development.
... Safety Although most NPs are safe to use, some could have harmful effects on (1) pharmaceutical company employees (for example, prolonged pulmonary exposure to carbon nanotubes may cause reproductive disorders [117], and (2) patients (e.g., the accumulation of magnetic iron oxide NPs inside the body, or through damages caused due to unstable binding between the therapeutic agent and the particles which may release the drug in healthy tissues instead of the target tissues) [118]. In addition to causing healthy tissue toxicity, the preparation's partial release outside of its target will also send sub-therapeutic levels to the target part.Their capacity to traverse numerous biological barriers within the body, including the BBB, makes any error have serious repercussions [13], or even (3) on the environment (for example, the rising demand for radionuclides or carbon nanofibers are also implicated in the ozone layer in the atmosphere's depletion [13,118]. ...
The term "nanotechnology" describes the processing of materials at the atomic or molecular level, particularly for the creation of minuscule devices capable of calculation, function, and organization. The size range of 1-100 nm is commonly referred to as the microscopic level. For this specific post, we choose to examine how nanotechnology is used in veterinary medicine and emphasize its contributions to bettering animal health and production. Through the creation of a system for the delivery of smart drugs, nanotechnology has a significant impact on the treatment of diseases in veterinary medicine and other facets of animal production. These days, nanotechnology has completely changed veterinary medicine and animal science fields by introducing novel, miniature tools, and materials that are advantageous to living things. Quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, nanopores, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoshells, fullerenes, liposomes, and dendrimers are a few examples of the nanoparticles utilized for illness detection, therapy, drug administration, animal breeding, and reproduction. Although nanotechnology is recognized as one of the most important technologies that have previously been used in a variety of fields, veterinary science is just beginning to use it. It is fair to assume that nanotechnology research will alter the science and technology of animal health in the following year and will aid in increasing livestock production.Since nanotechnology is still in its early stages of development and needs to be equipped to enable scientists, engineers, and biologists to work at the cellular and molecular levels for major improvements in healthcare and animal medicine, it won't have a large impact on the near future. However, it is realistic to assume that research in nanotechnology will change animal health and aid in increasing livestock production in the following year.
... They also convey medications to the anatomical systems that they are intended to target (Bakker-Woudenberg et al., 2005;Hill and Li, 2017;Ross et al., 2004). Acculturation, processing, eupepsia, and discharge of drugs or different compounds can be affected by these frameworks, allowing for the observation of drug dynamics, therapeutic effect, bioavailability, and stability, as well as the reduction of doses needed to maintain therapeutic responses and toxicities (Bai et al., 2018;Johansson et al., 2017;Johnston et al., 2007;Vahed et al., 2019). ...
Nanotechnology is an innovative discipline of science that has revolutionized the way we perceive the dimension and size of a molecule. The micrometric molecules accessed under the nanometric level generate nano-derived particles through which other nanodevices and nano-systems are contrived. Those nano-derived appliances are accommodable in effectuating copious different functions like physiological and biochemical processes in livestock species. The wide application of nanotechnology in animal science seems to be fateful unless and until nano-derived implements are recognized for execution in the field of animal breeding, production, health and management, and so on. The fundamental motivation behinds this article is to provide an insight into the application of nanostructures in the field of animal science to enhance the current frameworks. This review points out the current applications with appropriate measures of divergent nanotechnological particles, devices, and systems in the periphery of animal science.
... We, and others, have identi ed that maternal exposures to ENM during gestation can initiate developmental onset of disease within the maturing fetus. In laboratory studies, young and adult offspring have been reported to exhibit coronary dysfunction [40,41,42,43,44,45], vascular perturbations [27,45], reproductive consequences [46,47,48,49,50], and neurodevelopmental delays [51,52] after maternal inhalation of engineered nanomaterials during pregnancy. Therefore, particle deposition, and likely particle accumulation and retention, impact offspring health after birth and into adulthood. ...
Background: Plastic is everywhere. It is used in food packaging, storage containers, electronics, furniture, clothing, and common single-use disposable items. Microplastic and nanoplastic particulates are formed from bulk fragmentation and disintegration of plastic pollution. Plastic particulates have recently been detected in indoor air and remote atmospheric fallout. Due to their small size, microplastic and nanoplastic particulate in the atmosphere can be inhaled and may pose a risk for human health, specifically in susceptible populations. When inhaled, nanosized particles have been shown to translocate across pulmonary cell barriers to secondary organs, including the placenta. However, the potential for maternal-to-fetal translocation of nanosized-plastic particles and the impact of nanoplastic deposition and accumulation on fetal health remain unknown. In this study we investigated whether nanopolystyrene particles can cross the placental barrier and deposit in fetal tissues after maternal pulmonary exposure.
Results: Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 20 nm rhodamine-labeled nanopolystyrene beads (2.64 x 10¹⁴ particles) via intratracheal instillation on gestational day (GD) 19. Twenty-four hours later on GD 20, maternal and fetal tissues were evaluated using fluorescent optical imaging. Fetal tissues were fixed for particle visualization with hyperspectral microscopy. Using isolated placental perfusion, a known concentration of nanopolystyrene was injected into the uterine artery. Maternal and fetal effluents were collected for 180 minutes and assessed for polystyrene particle concentration. Twenty-four hours after maternal exposure, fetal and placental weights were significantly lower (7% and 8%, respectively) compared with controls. Nanopolystyrene particles were detected in the maternal lung, heart, and spleen. Polystyrene nanoparticles were also observed in the placenta, fetal liver, lungs, heart, kidney, and brain suggesting maternal lung-to-fetal tissue nanoparticle translocation in late stage pregnancy.
Conclusion: These studies confirm that maternal pulmonary exposure to nanopolystyrene results in the translocation of plastic particles to placental and fetal tissues and renders the fetoplacental unit vulnerable to adverse effects. These data are vital to the understanding of plastic particulate toxicology and the developmental origins of health and disease.
... Although the NPs are generally safe to use, some may have hazardous effects on (1) the workers of the pharmaceutical companies (e.g., long pulmonary exposure to carbon nanotubes may lead to reproductive disorders (Johansson et al. 2017), (2) on the patient (e.g., the accumulation of magnetic iron oxide NPs inside the body, or through damages caused due to unstable binding between the therapeutic agent and the particles which may release the drug in healthy tissues instead of the target tissues). The partial release of the preparation outside its target will not only lead to healthy tissue toxicity but also to the delivery of sub-therapeutic doses at the target part. ...
The invention of new techniques to manipulate materials at their nanoscale had an evolutionary effect on various medical sciences. At the time, there are thousands of nanomaterials which can be divided according to their shape, origin, or their application. The nanotechnology provided new solutions for old problems. In medical sciences, they are used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. They can also be applied in the preparation of nanovaccines and nanoadjuvants. Their use in the treatment of cancer and in gene therapy opened the door for a new era in medicine. Recently, various applications of nanotechnology started to find their way in the veterinary sector. They increasingly invade animal therapeutics, diagnostics, production of veterinary vaccines, farm disinfectants, for animal breeding and reproduction, and even the field of animal nutrition. Their replacement of commonly used antibiotics directly reflects on the public health. By so doing, they minimize the problem of drug resistance in both human and veterinary medicine, and the problem of drug residues in milk and meat. In addition, they have a great economic impact, by minimizing the amounts of discarded milk and the number of culled calves in dairy herds. Nanotechnology was also applied to develop pet care products and hygienic articles. The present review discusses the advantage of using nanomaterials compared to their counterparts, the various classes of nanoparticles, and illustrates the applications and the role of nanotechnology in the field of veterinary medicine.
... 1314 for dams/litters and 1324 for weaned offspring, Altromin, Lage, DE) and municipal tap water were available ad libitum. Housing and experimental conditions are described in more detail in our previous studies using the dams (Barfod et al. 2015;Johansson et al. 2017). ...
... The male was removed when the female's body weight had increased at 2-3 successive weighings, by more than 25%, or if pups could be palpated. See the study by (Johansson et al. 2017) for a detailed description of the study design. ...
... Offspring were weaned at 3 to 4 weeks of age and housed 3-4 mice of the same sex and maternal treatment per cage. Maternal lung inflammation following multiwalled CNT exposure was assessed by differential cell count of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF, see below) after weaning (7-8 weeks after exposure; Johansson et al. 2017). ...
Prenatal particle exposure has been shown to increase allergic responses in offspring. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess immunomodulatory properties, but it is unknown whether maternal exposure to CNTs interferes with offspring immune development. Here, C57Bl/6J female mice were intratracheally instilled with 67 of μg multiwalled CNTs on the day prior to mating. After weaning, tolerance and allergy responses were assessed in the offspring. Offspring of CNT-exposed (CNT offspring) and of sham-exposed dams (CTRL offspring) were intranasally exposed to ovalbumin (OVA) once weekly for 5 weeks to induce airway mucosal tolerance. Subsequent OVA sensitization and aerosol inhalation caused low or no OVA-specific IgE production and no inflammation. However, the CNT offspring presented with significantly lower OVA-specific IgG1 levels than CTRL offspring. In other groups of 5-week-old offspring, low-dose sensitization with OVA and subsequent OVA aerosol inhalation led to significantly lower OVA-specific IgG1 production in CNT compared to CTRL offspring. OVA-specific IgE and airway inflammation were non-significantly reduced in CNT offspring. The immunomodulatory effects of pre-gestational exposure to multiwalled CNTs were unexpected, but very consistent. The observations of suppressed antigen-specific IgG1 production may be of importance for infection or vaccination responses and warrant further investigation.
