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![The Visitor Center at Zion National Park, US [5]](profile/Abdel-Moniem-El-Shorbagy/publication/202272007/figure/fig3/AS:667772950425637@1536220886793/The-Visitor-Center-at-Zion-National-Park-US-5.png)
![Fig. 11. University of Qatar, Doha [17]](profile/Abdel-Moniem-El-Shorbagy/publication/202272007/figure/fig2/AS:667772950429707@1536220886772/University-of-Qatar-Doha-17_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 12. The Visitor Center at Zion National Park, US [5]](profile/Abdel-Moniem-El-Shorbagy/publication/202272007/figure/fig3/AS:667772950425637@1536220886793/The-Visitor-Center-at-Zion-National-Park-US-5_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 13. Passive Air Cool-Tower [6]](profile/Abdel-Moniem-El-Shorbagy/publication/202272007/figure/fig4/AS:667772950441996@1536220886845/Passive-Air-Cool-Tower-6_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 15. Air ventilation and lighting [19]](profile/Abdel-Moniem-El-Shorbagy/publication/202272007/figure/fig1/AS:305740733534208@1449905679076/Air-ventilation-and-lighting-19_Q320.jpg)
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... quality and reduces the internal temperatures. The idea of windcatcher attracted the attention of western architects, who revived the traditional Arab windcatcher as a shape and function and employed it in their modern wooden buildings without the addition of any modern mechanical devices as shown in the Visitor Centre at Zion National Park, US ( fig. 12). This centre represents a successful example of the adoption of energy-saving technologies, such as the windcatcher, which yields a significant, measurable energy savings in the building [5]. Other western architects integrated the principles of windcatchers with modern technology as helpful devices to improve the quality and ...
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... Vernacular windcatcher is a type of green technology, which is called Baud-Geer in the Persian Gulf area and Malqaf in the Arabic architecture such as Egyptian architecture [20][21][22]. Malqaf is regarded as a bidirectional windcatcher which is mounted on the top of Arab's covered court yard [23] (Figure 1). Baud-Geer, on the other hand, is not only bidirectional and has diverse forms, and various shapes and they are used during summers and are closed during winters [24]. ...
... For instance, a newborn type of windcatcher which possess dampers, various types of sensors and adjustable ceiling ventilator known as Monodraught has been introduced to building industry. Monodraught windcatchers are normally automatic and the mechanism allows the temperature, humidity, air flow, noise level, and CO2 to be adjustable depending upon the need of the space [29,23]. Some of this new commercial windcatchers incorporates both natural ventilation and natural lighting and in an integrated, energy-free system (see Figure 3) ...
... Tek yönlü havalandırma bacaları bir adet kullanılabildiği gibi birden fazla mekânda da kullanılabilmektedir (Bahadori ve diğ., 2014, Kleiven, 2003, Al-Megren, 1987, Fardeheb, 2007. Bazı kaynaklarda birbirine ters yönde veya aynı yönde konumlandırılan iki adet tek yönlü havalandırma bacasının kullanıldığı da görülmektedir (Rudofsky, 1964, Al-Megren, 1987, Mahyari, 1996, El-Shorbagy, 2010) (Şekil 4-a). Bunlardan farklı olarak Nejat ve diğ.'nin (2019) çalışmasında dört adet tek yönlü havalandırma bacasının kullanıldığı bir görsel bulunmaktadır (Şekil 4-b). ...
Soğutma ihtiyacının fazla olduğu sıcak-kuru iklim bölgelerinde tercih edilen ve bazı bölgeler için geleneksel mimari kimliğin başat unsuru olarak öne çıkan yüksekliğe bağlı sıcaklık farkı ya da rüzgâr basınç kaynaklı dinamiklerin etkisiyle iç ortam soğutma, havalandırma ve nemlendirme amaçlı kurgulanmış, havalandırma bacalarının ulusal ve uluslararası literatürde farklı isimlerle tanımlandığı görülmektedir. Havalandırma bacaları, İran ve Mısır kaynaklı badgir (baudgeers) ve malkaf (malqaf), yapılan farklı çalışmalarda rüzgâr kulesi (wind tower), rüzgâr yakalayıcı (wind catcher), rüzgâr bacası (wind chimney), rüzgâr kepçesi (wind scoop) isimlerini almaktadır. Bölgesel farklılıklar ve çalışma prensiplerinin çeşitlenmesi nedeniyle türetilmiş olması muhtemel bu tanımlamaların karşılık geldiği havalandırma baca sisteminin belirlenmesi ve çalışma prensiplerinin değerlendirilmesi literatürde bu çerçevedeki kavram karışıklığını önlemek adına katkı sunabilecektir. Bu çalışma kapsamında ulusal ve uluslararası literatür çalışmaları üzerinden havalandırma bacalarının geçmişten günümüze form, çalışma prensibi değişimi ve isim farklılaşmasının dayandığı ilkelerin değerlendirilmesi ve bu bağlamda bir sınıflandırma oluşturulması hedeflenmiştir.
... For example, the Pharaonic house of Neb-Amun was portrayed in a painting on his tomb dating back to the Nineteenth Dynasty (1336-1294 BC). It displays a windcatcher with two openings, one facing windward to receive cool air and the other facing leeward to expel hot air by suction [11,12], as seen in Figure 3a. Furthermore, a papyrus ( Figure 3b) from the Book of the Dead (1543-1292 BC) references windcatchers' existence during the Pharaonic era. ...
... Windcatchers have been depicted in Ancient Egyptian paintings, indicating that the concept of the windcatcher traces back to the early Pharaonic era [11]. For example, the Pharaonic house of Neb-Amun was portrayed in a painting on his tomb dating back to the Nineteenth Dynasty (1336-1294 BC). ...
... For example, the Pharaonic house of Neb-Amun was portrayed in a painting on his tomb dating back to the Nineteenth Dynasty (1336-1294 BC). It displays a windcatcher with two openings, one facing windward to receive cool air and the other facing leeward to expel hot air by suction [11,12], as seen in Figure 3a. Furthermore, a papyrus ( Figure 3b) from the Book of the Dead (1543-1292 BC) references windcatchers existence during the Pharaonic era. ...
Throughout history, vernacular architecture has sought to provide inhabitants with comfort, using local materials and techniques while drawing inspiration from the local culture. This goal has helped natural and passive environmental building techniques to emerge, evolve, and develop. Even though we are increasingly dependent on mechanical ventilation and cooling solutions, passive techniques are in favor due to global climate challenges and the drive toward sustainable construction. One of the most well-known passive cooling techniques is the windcatcher, or wind tower, as it is known in the Middle East (also known as a malqaf in Egypt). Windcatchers, which appeared in Egypt during the Pharaonic era, were also present in other vernacular Middle Eastern countries such as Iran and Iraq, and they differed in design and materials. This research aims to extract, analyze, and compare windcatchers throughout historical eras in Egypt and other Middle Eastern countries across three main eras: ancient, medieval, and modern. This study thus provides a timeline for developing these passive cooling systems, demonstrating how they were integrated into architecture over millennia. This study also investigates the design differences in these vernacular models, including their shapes, number of sides, and orientation, and correlates them to climatic and architectural conditions. The results highlight that the vernacular wind towers corresponded to the prevailing wind directions and the ventilation needs of the connected spaces. Furthermore, the findings question the effectiveness and appropriateness of some of the modern incorporations of wind towers, which borrow their design from local precedents.
... The chimney, heated by direct sunlight, warms the air in the chimney, causing it to rise through an inlet in the bottom of the wall and out of the top of the chimney, drawing in cooler air from the room, increasing ventilation indoors and cooling the room (figure 1). Passive ventilation has been used for centuries in hot climates, including wind catcher towers in Iran [13], traditional Malay houses [14] and, in the natural world, termite mounds [15]. Today, with increasing global temperatures, passive ventilation strategies are gaining favour to create comfortable living and working environments without excessive energy consumption and expenditure [16,17]. ...
Rural houses in sub-Saharan Africa are typically hot and allow malaria mosquitoes inside. We assessed whether passive or active ventilation can reduce house entry of malaria mosquitoes and cool a bedroom at night in rural Gambia. Two identical experimental houses were used: one ventilated and one unventilated (control). We evaluated the impact of (i) passive ventilation (solar chimney) and (ii) active ventilation (ceiling fan) on the number of mosquitoes collected indoors and environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, CO2, evaporation). Although the solar chimney did not reduce entry of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, the ceiling fan reduced house entry by 91% compared with the control house. There were no differences in indoor nightly temperature, humidity or CO2 between intervention and control houses in either experiment. The solar chimney did not improve human comfort assessed using psychrometric analysis. While the ceiling fan improved human comfort pre-midnight, in the morning it was too cool compared with the control house, although this could be remedied through provision of blankets. Further improvements to the design of the solar chimney are needed. High air velocity in the ceiling fan house probably reduced mosquito house entry by preventing mosquito flight. Improved ventilation in houses may reduce malaria transmission.
... The yakhchāl, in particular, were so efficient that they were used as ancient "refrigerators" (131). Traditional architectural designs in Central Asia and the Middle East, such as the windcatchers, are also vernacular examples of how to improve thermal comfort by increasing indoor ventilation of cooler air (133). Among many Amazonian riverine societies, houses are built on stilts due to seasonal inundation of the vegetation, and the design allows cross-ventilation beneath and on top of the dwelling (99). ...
Cooling is fundamental to quality of life in a warming world, but its growth trajectory is leading to a substantial increase in energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. The world is currently locked into vapor-compression air conditioning as the aspirational means of staying cool, yet billions of people cannot access or afford this technology. Non–vapor compression technologies exist but have low Technological Readiness Levels. Important alternatives are passive cooling measures that reduce mechanical cooling requirements and often have long histories of local use. Equally, behavioral and cultural approaches to cooling play a vital role. Although policies for a circular economy for cooling, such as production and waste, recovery of refrigerants, and disposal of appliances, are in development, more efforts are needed across the cooling life cycle. This article discusses the knowledge base for sustainable cooling in the built environment and its significant, interconnected, and coordinated technical, social, economic, and policy approaches.
Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Volume 47 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
... Wind catchers have played a considerable role in the cooling and ventilation of traditional buildings (Patel 2015;El-Shorbagy 2010). They act as a natural ventilation system that is used to capture wind at a higher elevation and direct it into the inner environment of a building (Bahadori, Dehghani-Sanij, and Sayigh 2014). ...
Vernacular design has historical and cultural value that represents a local identity. It emerges from the surrounding environment, is inspired by nature, utilizes local materials and traditional construction methods, and considers the geographical and climate features of the region. Therefore, most vernacular designs offer sustainable solutions. Despite the abundance of research on sustainable design, few studies have addressed the relationship between vernacular and contemporary sustainable interior design solutions. Hence, the objective of this research is to examine whether sustainable vernacular design solutions can be revived and how they can inspire modern concepts of sustainability. The present article offers a review of literature on sustainable applications of heritage design, including a selection of architectural and interiors examples showcasing the revival of vernacular design. A survey was conducted to determine the potential of extending and implementing traditional concepts into contemporary design. This research reveals that sustainable solutions are integral part of vernacular design, which may bolster the effectiveness of contemporary sustainability.
... They have been known as an Iranian ventilation technique used in houses and mosques or related to the Qanat (an underground water system) [31], or to cool down the water in a reservoir and Yakhchal (an ice storage space) [32]. However, the wind catcher technique back to 1300 B.C in the Pharaonic times [33][34][35][36], as shown in Figure 1.3.6. The traditional wind towers or catchers work in the presence and absence of wind by both pressure and buoyancy forces. ...
... Arabic Term Meaning Abdel-Rahman Nassif House (1974), in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, is an example of a traditional house that uses the windcatcher in the design [5]. Additionally, Al Diwanyia Rest House in Al Rawdah District, Jeddah is another example of a traditional house that features contemporary vernacular architecture [16]. The wind tower is implemented in the building's context and within the internal courtyard ( Figure 3). ...
Vernacular measures, such as courtyard, wind catcher “Malqaf”, wooden lattice “Mashrabia”, and lantern—which can help buildings to depend on natural energy from the sun and the wind—have started to be abandoned in the last decades. However, wind pressure and stack effects are becoming more popular in modern buildings design and the primary method in most domestic buildings to achieve the desired cross ventilation and minimize the air temperature to reach the required cooling loads. This paper aims to revive one of the vernacular measures “the windcatcher”, quantifying the effectiveness of the inward/outward opening properties on the air temperature and airflow inside the buildings. Analytical literature review, context analysis, and numerical simulations are performed. The computer fluid dynamics (CFD) is utilized to simulate both the temperature distribution and the flow field within the windcatcher model. Simulations are carried out in the fluent environment, which uses the control volume method for solving the conservation law. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) and energy equation with the realizable k-ϵ turbulent model are employed. The research uses a parametric analysis to test different scenarios of windcatcher designs in terms of dimensions, proportions, and opening ratios. The results of this study confirm that windcatcher has a significant effect in lowering the air temperature inside the different floors. However, it is recommended to use a wind-catcher for not more than two floors, increase the area of the outward opening to 200% relative to the inward opening and apply side opening in the upper floors.
... Ventilation, as an example, is essential for thermal comfort and healthy indoor air quality (IAQ). But, it should be studied carefully to meet the required standards, so we need micro-level thermal comfort studies [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. ...
Recently, building thermal studies have focused more and more on providing the right living conditions inside buildings, houses, schools, hospitals, etc., especially in hot-dry regions to defeat energy consumption dilemmas generally coming from fossil fuels source by renewable energy. In this paper, a field of experiments in actual conditions is conducted to investigate the influence of external parameters on the occupant's thermal comfort inside a typical dry region house. The obtained results are projected directly on the psychometric chart to position the real thermal comfort current situation. The results confirm the direct influence and indirect influence of external climatic conditions (temperature and humidity, respectively) on internal comfort. Two scenarios with renewable techniques are investigated experimentally based on the obtained results. An earth-to-air heat exchanger (EAHE) and solar chimney (SC) are connected separately to a similar building, and parameters affecting thermal comfort are discussed. The results show that both techniques improve thermal comfort inside the structure with efficiently saving energy. Renewable energy can enhance thermal comfort with significant power- and cost-saving in hot-dry regions.
... This traditional concept has inspired many innovative designs in recent years. Fig. 1 shows different traditional windcatchers in desert cities of Iran, countries in the Persian Gulf region, and other Middle Eastern countries [3][4][5]. In these buildings, an air trap conducts the air from different directions through a duct into the building. ...
... Equating these two expressions yields an interesting result: (4) Therefore, the wind velocity at the rotor may be taken as the average of the upstream and downstream velocities. The power equation can be derived by differentiating the kinetic energy expression with respect to time ( ): (5) where ⁄ , and is the kinetic energy. By differentiating the power expression with respect to for a given fluid speed and a given area, one finds the maximum power: ...
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive feasibility study for the
installation of a 100 MW wind power plant using the INVELOX system in
Manjil, Gilan, in Northern Iran. In the first part of the paper, we provide a
review of the status of wind energy installation in Iran. We then review the
mathematical equations involved in wind power calculations. Afterwards,
with the environmental data gathered from the corresponding authorities
and open‐access sources, we analyzed the INVELOX system with its benefits
and drawbacks. Then, based on the derived mathematical formulations,
and using simulation software packages, the average wind power density is
calculated, and the turbine system is designed accordingly. Finally, the
economic profitability of this project was examined using a mathematical
economic analysis and the COMFAR software package. In addition to the
detailed feasibility study of this specific project, this article aims to provide
a comprehensive literature review of the INVELOX system.
