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In this introductory paper for the Theme Issue on green tribology, we discuss the concept of green tribology and its relation to other areas of tribology as well as other 'green' disciplines, namely, green engineering and green chemistry. We formulate the 12 principles of green tribology: the minimization of (i) friction and (ii) wear, (iii) the re...
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... Additionally, Germany has a scheme called the -Market Introduction Program (MIP) Bio-lubricants and Biofuels‖ which aims to assist in the conversion from oilbased lubricants to those developed from renewable resources by reimbursing willing participants. Subsequently, other European nations followed suit [19][20][21][22][23]. ...
... "Green" or "sustainable" tribology can be described as studying the tribological attributes of environmental and biological effects and ecological balance. 10 This ecofriendly approach is a multidisciplinary field like energy, environment sustainability, lubrication, and material science that primarily considers the decrease of energy emissions, tribological issues like friction, conventional lubricants, wear, physical contact, pollution, a hazard to human health, and toxic waste. 11 Green tribology conserves energy and the environment and improves life quality. ...
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a newly developed technology for manufacturing parts from three-dimensional (3D) computer-aided design (CAD) models by depositing a material layer on layer. Multi-jet fusion (MJF) is one of the AM technologies that can be used for manufacturing functional parts like gear, linear, bearing, etc., by polymers. In various applications, technical processes, design of tribological systems, optimum lubrication, and reduction of wear and friction are significant performance criteria to provide energy and material conservation. The development of green tribological applications offers essential solutions to problems of ecosystem pollution and energy from a global point of view to increase sustainability. In this article, the green tribological behavior of Polyamide 12 (PA12) parts, manufactured by MJF with different build orientations was evaluated by ball-on-disc tribological tests under different normal loads and lubricated environments. Mechanical profilometer and digital microscope were used to evaluate surface quality and morphology. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to determine the samples’ wear characteristics. The maximum surface roughness was measured for the part having a build orientation of 45°. The maximum coefficient of friction value was determined as 0.355 for the sample with 45° orientation under 5 N load and dry environment. The maximum wear rate value was determined as 2.3249 × 10 ⁻⁴ mm ³ /Nmm for the sample with 0° orientation under 10 N load and dry state. The differences between build orientations should be considered when evaluating tribological properties. This article provides a new perspective to researchers and practitioners toward green tribology of polymer AM parts.
... In particular, the topic of this paper is oriented at the achievement of SDG3 (Good health and well-being) promoting health and well-being of human workers due to a safer and decent work, which is also one of the objectives of SDG8 (Decent work and economic growth). Moreover, the effort focused on the realization of safer machinery leads to the development of innovative sustainable solutions in industry and of high quality and reliable infrastructures, which is in agreement with the objectives of SDG9 (Industries, innovation and infrastructure) [17,18]. ...
Promoting sustainable industrialization by fostering safety of machinery is a fundamental and ethical approach. Working in safe conditions is essential to comply with the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and, in particular, with SDG3 and SDG8, therefore making machines safer during their operation becomes a basic aim for a more sustainable society. From this perspective, the influence of certain design or/and physical parameters on machine safety must be necessarily analyzed even if standards do not consider them, with obvious advantages also in terms of industrial innovation, complying with SDG9. The present work refers to the study of machine protection panels to characterize their ability to resist ballistic penetration. In ISO 14120-Annex B, the methodologies and standards for the design and validation of machine guards are described, but the influence of many characteristics and parameters has not been considered to characterize the protection performance. This paper presents some results in the terms of withstanding capacity of polycarbonate panels to ballistic penetration considering the size of the guards and their ageing condition due to solar radiation. The analyses for the inspection of the through-hole cracks and deformation of the panels have been performed with an innovative method by using a metrology grade 3D optical scanner and 3D inspection techniques.KeywordsSDG3SDG8SDG9machine guardssafety of machineryejection risk3D scanner inspection
... The emerging term "green tribology" is the science and technology of studying the tribological components of ecological stability and their environmental and biological implications [1]. The aftermath of economic and market growth has retarded tribology and might retard "green tribology" from being regarded as a significant force in its area. ...
... The idea of green tribology has recently been brought up regarding the pleasure of life [3]; remarked that "green tribology" may not be recognized as a key element in its field due to the impact of economic, market, and monetary in his explanation of the need for green tribology. By focusing on the economic benefits of tribology rather than emphasizing the scientific justification, its impact is likely to have a far greater influence on the decision-makers and policies [1]. ...
... Tribology associations should place as much priority as possible on the field's commercial benefits. Administrations, global markets, and decision-makers can all understand it [1]. The selective transfer (ST) effect, was first observed in tribology in 1956 and obeyed as the basis for the creation of a different pattern for friction without wear with little power loss. ...
... The term "green tribology" comes from the field of tribology, which is the science of interacting surfaces in motion. Tribology originally aimed to reduce friction, wear, and increase efficiency through strategies that encompass design, lubrication, and material technology [1]. However, as the environmental impact of current tribological approaches became increasingly apparent, researchers recognised that tribology could move beyond its original remit and contribute to reducing environmental harm. ...
... Biomimetic surfaces, a type of tribological technology that imitates living nature, is also included. It is obvious that a variety of tribological issues might fall under the purview of "green tribology" and are mutually beneficial [1]. ...
... Renewable energy refers to the energy that is generated from renewable resources that can be replenished naturally over a relatively short time [28,37]. The tribology of renewable energy sources is a relatively recent area of tribology [1]. The following problems can be mentioned. ...
This article presents an introduction to green tribology, a new direction in the
field's evolution, an exciting new topic for scientific study, and a novel approach to
making tribology a friend to the environment and a proponent of energy
conservation. Green engineering and green chemistry are two more "green" fields
that are thought to be closely related to green tribology. The article has
discussions on a variety of green tribology topics, including the concept, views,
role and goal, major principles, key areas, challenges, and future development
directions. As an interdisciplinary topic combining energy, materials science, green
lubrication, and environmental science, green tribology also attracted human
interest due to its biomimetic approach. Hence, the use of biomimicry in
environmental design is also discussed in this article.
... LCA has seen a few applications in the field of tribology and wear. In an earlier brief review [17], Nosonovsky and Bhushan pointed to the usefulness of LCA already in the design phase of tribo-elements. In a more recent and comprehensive review on the topic [18], the factors of lubrication, energy conservation, environmental conservation and recycling of tribo-elements were identified as elements of a life-cycle tribology pyramid, with energy conservation at the apex. ...
... (4) Reduce toxicity by a safer chemical product design. (5) Solvents and auxiliaries should be safer when needed and avoided when possible. (6) Increase energy efficiency to reduce the negative impact on the environment and economy, chemical syntheses should be conducted at room temperature and ambient pressure. ...
... The areas of green tribology incorporate (i) biomimetic surfaces, (ii) environmentally friendly and biodegradable lubrication, and (iii) tribology of renewable sources. The performance of a tribological system plays the most important role in terms of efficiency improvement including prevention of heat pollution, energy dissipation, and protection of material by controlling friction and wear (5). Green tribology becomes increasingly important when heading toward a low-carbon economy and dealing with issues such as environmental pollution, climate crisis, and global energy shortage (4). ...
... Biomimicry refers to biological methods and systems found in nature, typically environmentally friendly, that is emulated by modern engineering and technology design. Biomimetic lubrication is often used in the sense of water-based lubrication as in bio-tribology (5). In general, hydrogels are used as biomimetic lubricating materials in biomedical applications such as drug delivery (76) and tissue engineering, for example, for articular cartilage repair, since they show good biocompatibility, viscoelasticity, permeability, and therefore, biomimetic properties, but lack in friction and wear properties (77,78). ...
In the last few years, there is a general shift observable toward greener lubrication, fueled amongst others by policy initiatives such as the European Green Deal in consistency with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. At least 70 vol% of a lubricant is composed of a specific base oil, the rest is a variation of additives altering the lubricant properties (enhancing or suppressing existent base oil properties or adding new properties) to be operational for a particular field of application. So, in terms of sustainability, biodegradability, bioaccumulation, and toxicity the type of base oil plays a major role, which makes environmentally harmful petroleum-based lubricant formulations highly problematic for future applications. Hence, this leads to an ever-growing demand of environmentally friendly lubricant alternatives. Within the scope of this review lies the investigation of bio-based, bio-derived, and other sustainable lubricant components that could serve as promising replacements for conventional petroleum-based formulations, in accordance with the principles of green chemistry and tribology. As recycling is embraced by the term sustainability, waste-derived components of non-biological origin are also included in this work. An overview of studies on the tribological performance such as friction and wear properties of these sustainable and benign lubricant components is given.
... The basic goals in green tribological efforts include reduction of material loss, reduction in energy loss, and life-cycle extension [31,32]. Figure 6 shows the principles of green tribology [33]. Green tribology, green engineering and green chemistry have their similarities in reducing the impact of various aspects of an industry to produce pollution or pose a risk to the environment or human health (Nosonovsky 2010). ...
... Figure 6 shows the principles of green tribology [33]. Green tribology, green engineering and green chemistry have their similarities in reducing the impact of various aspects of an industry to produce pollution or pose a risk to the environment or human health (Nosonovsky 2010). While this is true, green engineering is more concerned with developing the specific design to which products will prevent pollution production, whereas green chemistry plays a role in designing any chemical substance or methods that successfully diminish or eradicate the use and/or reduction of potentially toxic materials. ...
Composite materials based on renewable and biodegradable natural fibres derived from agricultural waste and wood industry residues are being used in an increasing number of applications. These products are an environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative to traditional petroleum-based materials, as they significantly reduce the use of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, these materials have excellent mechanical qualities and require less energy to manufacture. Wood-based industries and agriculture, on the other hand, produce significant amounts of organic waste and residues that are still underutilised as low-value energy resources, and organic waste is commonly disposed of using traditional waste management techniques like landfilling, anaerobic digestion, or composting. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) made from organic agriculture and wood industry waste and residues are an environmentally friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective option.
Green tribology is generally a new field that discovers applications in different tribo frameworks. It has the potential to give answers for the issues of vitality and ecological contamination from a universal point of view. The demand for eco-friendly material for tribological applications in automotive sector is rising since it reduces the impact of asbestos based components in the environment. The availability, sustainability, simplicity of assembling and value addition of agro waste fibers has enticed scientists to consider its possibility of an alternate to synthetic reinforcement. The new research also extended to what degrees they fulfil the necessary particulars for the amelioration of wear properties of green composites for tribological applications. This review endeavours to summarise and emphasize the principles and basics of Green sustainable tribology. A comprehensive overview of various crop residues, its availability and the characterization are also presented. Furthermore, an attempt to devote a gathering of ongoing advancements of wear performance of agro waste areca husk fiber (AHF) reinforced composites. These aspects may prompt a solid establishment for further advancements of agro waste fiber in the region of green tribology enlightens the importance of using recyclable and biodegradable polymers for environmental safety.
... Nosonovsky and colleagues developed the thermodynamic principles of irreversible processes used to investigate the formation of spatial and temporal structures induced by friction [13,14]. At the interface, orderliness can increase so that entropy decreases [15,16]. According to Prigogine and colleagues [4,8,10], far-from-equilibrium processes can be a source of order and lead to a new state of matter called dissipative structures. ...
... This results from the tendency of energy and matter to achieve a complex disordered state that can lead to self-organization [10,13,24,26,27]. It has been proposed an entropic criterium for friction-induced self-organization [13][14][15][16]24]. ...
Contraction of the heart is caused by actin filaments sliding along myosin filaments. This generates a frictional force inducing wear of the contractile apparatus. We postulated that this process could be exacerbated when the heart was submitted to severe anoxia. Anoxia induced dramatic abnormalities in the molecular properties of actin-myosin crossbridges. We applied the formalism of far-from-equilibrium thermodynamics to the left ventricular papillary muscles (LVPMs) of mammalian rat hearts which had been subjected to a prolonged anoxia (3 h). We showed that when subjected to prolonged anoxia, the heart operated far-from-equilibrium as evidenced by the non-linearity between thermodynamic force (F/T: Frictional force/Kelvin temperature) and thermodynamic flow (v0: myofilament sliding velocity). The rate of entropy production (EPR) was the product of (F/T) and v0. The excess entropy production (EEP) was equal to ∂δ2S∂t = ∂FTδvo; (S: entropy). The tribological system remained stable when EEP was positive and became unstable when EEP became negative, thus characterizing instability of the system and reflecting the occurrence of self-organization and possibly dissipative structures. After 3 h anoxia, re-oxygenation induced significant reversibility. About 20% of the myosin heads did not recover despite re-oxygenation. These results may be of importance in the context of heart transplantation where the delay between the time of sampling from the donor and the time of the graft installation in the recipient should be as short as possible.
... The principles listed by Nosonovsky and Bhushan [10] are reported here and discussed. Each principle is analyzed considering the latest research works to better understand the direction that tribology and researchers have taken in the last few decades. ...
... In particular, the involved polar end groups of glycols and tri-glycerol enable better lubricant characteristics with respect to MOs. They show lower volatility, higher flash and fire points, higher biodegradability, and low water and environmental toxicity [10,47,59], depending on process conditions and genetic or chemical changes during production [59]. Moreover, their viscosity index is usually higher than the traditional lube oils since it directly depends on the polarity of esters and glycols [45], the length of the chain (carboxylic acid or alcohol hydrocarbon chains), and the saturation, but it is inversely proportional to the shear rate (non-Newtonian behavior) [60]. ...
... Indeed, the main drawback is wear caused by abrasive particles from fatty acid degradation [48] and by the formation of peroxides at relatively high temperatures that thin the lubricant layer [47,60]. Moreover, the peroxides can react with fatty acids, resulting in oxidation, which is enhanced by bis-allylic protons and unsaturations (in particular, by the presence of glycerol) in the chain [10,48,59,60]. However, if high performance is not required or the operating temperature range is around 20-35 • C, applying VOs directly as full lubricants is acceptable [57]. ...
Sustainability has become of paramount importance, as evidenced by the increasing number of norms and regulations concerning various sectors. Due to its intrinsic trans-sectorial nature, tribology has drawn the attention of the supporters of sustainability. This discipline allows the environmental, economic, and social impacts to be decreased in a wide range of applications following the same strategies. In 2010, Nosonovsky and Bhushan drew up 12 approaches based on the 12 principles of green chemistry and the 12 principles of green engineering, defining the “12 principles of green tribology.” This review exploits the 12 principles of green tribology to fathom the developed research related to sustainability and tribology. Different approaches and innovative studies have been proposed in this short selection as references to consider for further development, pursuing the efforts of the scientific community for a sustainable future through the contribution also of tribosystems. The manuscript aims to provide practical examples of materials, lubricants, strategies, and technologies that have contributed to the overall progress of tribology, decreasing wear and friction and increasing efficiency, and at the same time promoting sustainable development, lowering toxicity, waste production, and loss of energy and resources.
