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The Supply Curve and Producer Surplus 

The Supply Curve and Producer Surplus 

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This study adopts the survey design to examine the feasibility and reliability of value estimatesof the Market Price Method by applying it to Gubi Dam area in Bauchi State, Nigeria. The theoretical bases of economic valuation methods were also examined to clarify their premises, rationales and conditions under which they would be valid. Data were c...

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... Therefore, the actual values of the changes in the quantity of consumption and production due to climate variations were used. The total annual economic loss was estimated using the seven steps provided by King and Mazzotta (2000) which were also used by Adeyemi et al. (2012). The modified one was used accordingly: ...
... However, the common problems of farmers are pests like rats, worms, black bugs, snails, weevils, and stem borers (Figure 7). They are the culprits of low yields because they feed on a growing number of King and Mazzotta (2000) and Adeyemi et al. (2012). The data on the quantity demanded during the off-season was not captured because the respondents still bought the same quantity of fish and crops during the off-season despite the increase in market prices. ...
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The cost of alterations in the quantity or quality of ecosystem services (ES) that are traded on commercial markets can be approximated with the aid of a revealed preference approach, such as the market price method. This study used the market price method to estimate the total annual economic loss from the changes in the demand and supply of fish and crops due to climate variations in Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary (AMWS). Household interviews were done in the municipality of Talacogon using four sets of structured survey instruments to gather information such as the quantity supplied monthly by fisherfolks and farmers as well as the quantity demanded by residents at different market prices. The consumer surplus and producer surplus during peak and off-seasons were calculated to estimate the annual loss in economic benefits to consumers and producers. The most commonly consumed and produced products in terms of fishing and farming were Channa striata and Oryza sativa L., respectively. Climate variations have an impact on both fishing and farming commercial activities. During the dry season (March to August), fewer fish are caught due to low water levels in rivers and lakes, while crops cannot be planted during the wet season (September to February) because a lot of land areas are flooded. The total annual economic loss was calculated at PHP 99,974.50. This estimated monetary value can be a basis for decision-makers and concerned stakeholders to efficiently allocate funds for sustainable programs to capacitate the fisherfolks and farmers to increase adaptation mechanisms for climate variations.
... The consumer's surplus can be estimated through the demand curve that is prepared by farmers' willingness to hire commercial bee hives for pollination at different prices. The producer surplus will be estimated from the revenue of commercial beekeeping deducting the cost incurred in beekeeping including the capital cost and shadow cost of labor [37]. ...
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Pollinators are a crucial part of our ecosystem which aids the life of almost all living organisms present in this universe, and their contributions are justifiable according to Paretian efficient conditions. Though the services are an inseparable part of our life, property rights issues have made it difficult to evaluate the real worth of their services by Coase guidelines, the possible externalities they put to this universe, and the actual impact that free raiders have caused. This paper is based on techniques to incorporate those hidden services in economic assessment and policy formulation. For the economic evaluation of their services, we can quantify their values based on people's willingness to pay for the service, which aids in estimating the market value of producer and consumer's surplus, and the cost of the alternate means to achieve the same services, through production factor method, etc. To identify the sustainability of these ecosystem services, the regulation of pesticide use has to be integrated with these services. Farmers should focus not only on monoculture, but also on intensive farming, chemicals, making the least use of GMOs, and following Permaculture techniques in living and cultivation.
... The questions included prices for the different pole sizes, transport and any other associated costs. The market price method (Spaninks and Beukering, 1997;Brander and Gomez, 2010;Adeyemi et al., 2012) was used to assess the value of mangrove poles which was established through the exchange of goods and services in the market (Splash, 2007;Carson, 2012), and the interaction between the production (supply) and the consuming (demand) values (Spaninks and van Beukering, 1997;Adeyemi et al., 2012). The existing market prices were used to estimate the costs, revenue, and profits for each actor in the value chain from a typical sale of mangrove poles (Macamo et al., 2016b). ...
... The questions included prices for the different pole sizes, transport and any other associated costs. The market price method (Spaninks and Beukering, 1997;Brander and Gomez, 2010;Adeyemi et al., 2012) was used to assess the value of mangrove poles which was established through the exchange of goods and services in the market (Splash, 2007;Carson, 2012), and the interaction between the production (supply) and the consuming (demand) values (Spaninks and van Beukering, 1997;Adeyemi et al., 2012). The existing market prices were used to estimate the costs, revenue, and profits for each actor in the value chain from a typical sale of mangrove poles (Macamo et al., 2016b). ...
... The existing market prices were used to estimate the costs, revenue, and profits for each actor in the value chain from a typical sale of mangrove poles (Macamo et al., 2016b). Similar approaches have been used in mangrove valuation studies in other areas in Thailand (Sathirathai, 1998), Germany (Brander and Gomez, 2010), Kenya (Adeyemi et al., 2012) and Mozambique (Macamo et al., 2016b;Machava-António et al., 2020). During the interviews, all the costs and returns for the different actors were recorded with the consent of the participant (Maraseni et al. 2018). ...
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Mangrove forests provide harvestable wood and non-wood resources to human society globally. The current study evaluated value chain of mangrove wood products from Lamu, Kenya, and how these impacts on resources’ sustainability. Results show that, exploitation of mangrove wood products in Kenya involves several actors, including national regulator, licensees, cutters, transporters, stockists and the consumers. Based on the differences between allowable and harvest data, Lamu mangroves can be said to be under-exploited. For the 1992-2018 period, an average of 223.5 scores ha⁻¹yr⁻¹ of mangrove poles were target for harvesting from Lamu. During the same period, the harvest data indicate an average of 6.2 scores ha⁻¹yr⁻¹ of mangrove poles were removed. However, based on stand level data generated as part of this study, mangroves in Lamu are over-exploited and stocked with non-merchantable poles. There are differentiated net income among various actors in mangrove trade in Kenya. Mangrove cutters are among the ‘losers’ in mangrove trade value chain earning a monthly net income of USD118.6±17.9. Winners in mangrove trade is the Kenya Forest Service, Licensees, transporters, and mangrove dealers (or stockists) in urban centers. The findings of this study are critical in development of the harvesting plan for Lamu mangroves. The results will provide insights toward streamlining mangrove trade for community development, revenue generation and environmental sustainability.
... Use value, non-use value [35,36] Appraisal method Land/market goods Use value [37,38] Market price method Market goods Use value [39,40] Resource replacement cost Non-market goods (with related market goods) ...
... Examples of natural resources with existing markets are food, fiber, and freshwater. The market-based techniques include the market price approach [40], the appraisal method [38], and the replacement cost method [41]. The disadvantage of market-based techniques is that they require existing markets. ...
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While the district of Mae Moh, Thailand has been well known for its atmospheric pollution associated with coal power production, economic assessment of demand for improved air quality has not been conducted to date. This study estimated local residents’ individual and aggregate willingness to pay (WTP) for mitigation of atmospheric pollution in Mae Moh using the contingent valuation method (CVM), and analyzed the factors associated with the individual WTP using the bivariate tobit and double-hurdle regression techniques. Primary data were collected through face-to-face interviews with a stratified sample of 200 residents. The hypothetical scenarios used in the CVM module were 50% and 80% mitigation of atmospheric concentrations of major pollutants. The weighted average WTP was found to be THB 251.3 and 307.9 per annum (USD 8.4 and 10.3) for the 50% and 80% reduction scenarios, respectively. The aggregate WTP for the entire population of Mae Moh was THB 10,008,733 and 12,264,761 per annum (USD 336,294 and 412,096), respectively. Education, occupation type, income, expenses, satisfaction with ambient quality, and perceived sources of pollution had significant associations with the individual WTP. The paper concludes by discussing policy implications for atmospheric pollution management and avenues for future research.
... The intentional sampling technique (Greenbaum, 1998;Finch and Lewis, 2003) was used for identification and selection of stakeholders for the interviews. The market price assessment technique (Schaafsma et al., 2017;Mojiol et al. 2016;Adeyemi et al., 2012) was also used to support the information given by the respondents, as this technique helped to understand business practices and prices realised for mangrove wood products in the market. ...
... The market price method (Adeyemi et al., 2012;Brander et al., 2010;Spaninks and Beukering, 1997) was used to assess the value of each product, which was established through the exchange of goods and services in the market (Carson, 2012;Splash, 2007), and the interaction between the production value (supply) and the consuming value (demand) (Adeyemi et al., 2012;Spaninks and van Beukering, 1997). The market price method estimates the economic value of ecosystem products or services that are bought and sold in commercial markets (Mojiol et al., 2016;Carson, 2012;Splash, 2007) and can be used to assess value changes in quantity or quality of a good or service (Adeyemi et al., 2012;Borinelli and Rocha, 2006). ...
... The market price method (Adeyemi et al., 2012;Brander et al., 2010;Spaninks and Beukering, 1997) was used to assess the value of each product, which was established through the exchange of goods and services in the market (Carson, 2012;Splash, 2007), and the interaction between the production value (supply) and the consuming value (demand) (Adeyemi et al., 2012;Spaninks and van Beukering, 1997). The market price method estimates the economic value of ecosystem products or services that are bought and sold in commercial markets (Mojiol et al., 2016;Carson, 2012;Splash, 2007) and can be used to assess value changes in quantity or quality of a good or service (Adeyemi et al., 2012;Borinelli and Rocha, 2006). ...
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This study aims at documenting the value chain derived from mangrove forests in selected sites in central Mozambique (Zambezi Delta, Nhangau and Chiveve River), through the identification of the services delivered by mangrove forests and assessment of stakeholder’s engagement within the value chain. Furthermore, this work evaluates the income pathways as well as the current and potential benefits of different stakeholders and the socio-economic sustainability of mangroves in the three regions. Zambezi Delta is one of largest mangrove swamps in Africa and Chiveve is located in Beira City, impacted by Cyclone Idai in 2019. The main benefits obtained by the communities both in the Zambezi Delta and Nhangau were derived from commercially important wood extraction and honey production for domestic use. Within the Zambezi Delta, profit for small mangrove poles accrued at the wholesale level (82.6%), while that for large poles accrued to harvesters (125.0%), after a small initial direct investment. At Nhangau, small poles fetched profits of 17%, medium poles 11.5%, and large poles 24%; for charcoal, the greatest portion of profits went to retailers at 50%. Men were mostly involved in mangrove wood harvesting for commercial purposes, while women collected firewood mainly for domestic use. At the Chiveve, the community benefited predominantly from non-extractable services such as flooding control, water purification, nursery grounds for fisheries and aesthetic beauty. It is suggested that Mozambique mangrove forests are valued at USD 2 400 per hectare per year. This monetary accounting can be used to inform decision making on mangrove management and to improve the performance of the value chain and the wellbeing of local communities. Keywords: mangrove products marketing, extractable goods, regulatory services, gender, Eastern Africa
... Market price method was employed (Adeyemi et al., 2012) for valuing the fishing service in which the sale price of fish in the market (i.e. information of market price) is used to determine the total value of fish from the tanks. ...
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Wetlands, in particular tank ecosystem, produce numerous benefits that are valued by the stakeholders. Despite the importance, the services are being used as free and infinite as most of them are non-marketed and are undervalued. There prevails increasing interest for concepts of ecosystem services and valuation of such services in recent years. This makes the policy makers to consider all the aspects and work on policies so as to enhance the optimal usage of services and conservation of ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the value of Singanallur tank in Noyyal basin, providing provisioning and recreational services by employing valuation methods like market price method, contingent valuation and individual travel cost method and each attributes of the tanks are quantified in monetary terms. The total value of Singanallur tank is Rs. 7.2 million per year.