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The Stamp Used for Inscription of Dried Bricks-from the Times of the Akkadian King Naramsin Source: Rashid, "Brick production in Ancient Iraq," 41.
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Mesopotamia is a region in the Middle East, situated in a basin between two big rivers-the Tigris and the Euphrates. About 5,500 years ago, much earlier than in Egypt, ancient civilization began, one of the oldest in the world. Continuous development was an important factor of everyday life. A warm climate, fertile soil, mixed with the sediment of...
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... Indeed, the described manner of production of bricks referred to above, with scribed symbols is very slow and not economical, so they replaced them by using stamped stamps on the bricks to cover the desired script. The stamp used for the inscription of dried bricks -from the times of the Akkadian king Naramsin ( Figure 4). It is translated as: ...
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Since dawn of civilizations, human has seen many natural disasters. Ancient civilizations always flourished on the banks of Rivers. As a result, flood always played an important role in human lives. A world-destroying flood is a common legend in the ancient history of the Americans, Babylonians, Indians, Persians, Polynesians and Syrians. Archaeolo...
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... Masonry, which has historically been a primary construction method due to its affordability and simplicity [1][2][3], has been used for millennia in significant structures such as the Tower of Babylon and the Great Wall of China [4]. Currently, over half of the global population resides in brick masonry homes [5]. ...
Confined masonry (CM) construction is being increasingly adopted for its cost-effectiveness and simplicity, particularly in seismic zones. Despite its known benefits, limited research exists on how the stiffness of confining elements influences the in-plane behavior of CM. This study conducted a comprehensive parametric analysis using experimentally validated numerical models of single-wythe, squat CM wall panels under quasi-static reverse cyclic loading. Various cross-sections and reinforcement ratios were examined to assess the impact of the confining element stiffness on the deformation response, the cracking mechanism, and the hysteretic behavior. The key findings included the observation of symmetrical hysteresis in experimental CM panels under cyclic loading, with a peak lateral strength of 114.3 kN and 108.5 kN in push-and-pull load cycles against 1.7% and 1.3% drift indexes, respectively. A finite element (FE) model was developed based on a simplified micro-modeling approach, demonstrating a maximum discrepancy of 2.6% in the peak lateral load strength and 5.4% in the initial stiffness compared to the experimental results. The parametric study revealed significant improvements in the initial stiffness and seismic strength with increased depth and reinforcement in the confining elements. For instance, a 35% increase in the lateral strength was observed when the depth of the confining columns was augmented from 150 mm to 300 mm. Similarly, increasing the steel reinforcement percentage from 0.17% to 0.78% resulted in a 16.5% enhancement in the seismic strength. These findings highlight the critical role of the stiffness of confining elements in enhancing the seismic performance of CM walls. This study provides valuable design insights for optimizing CM construction in seismic-prone areas, particularly regarding the effects of confining element dimensions and reinforcement ratios on the structural resilience.
... There are relatively few studies relying on fired bricks in the global paleomagnetic database known as MagIC (https://www2.earthref.org/MagIC). Mud bricks are the most common construction material in ancient Mesopotamia (e.g., [27] and references therein), and the use of fired mud bricks for construction commenced in this region at least during the Bronze Age if not before (ibid.). Moreover, from the middle of the third millennium BCE onward, we witness the appearance of fired mud bricks inscribed with names of particular kings of whom we often have historical information regarding the exact years of their reign. ...
Data from the marriage of paleomagnetism and archaeology (archaeomagnetism) are the backbone of attempts to create geomagnetic field models for ancient times. Paleointensity experimental design has been the focus of intensive efforts and the requirements and shortcomings are increasingly well understood. Some archaeological materials have excellent age control from inscriptions, which can be tied to a given decade or even a specific year in some cases. In this study, we analyzed fired mud bricks used for the construction of the Ishtar Gate, the entrance complex to the ancient city of Babylon in Southern Mesopotamia. We were able to extract reliable intensity data from all three phases of the gate, the earliest of which includes bricks inscribed with the name of King Nebuchadnezzar II (605 to 562 BCE). These results (1) add high quality intensity data to a region relatively unexplored so far (Southern Mesopotamia), (2) contribute to a better understanding of paleosecular variation in this region, and the development of an archaeomagnetic dating reference for one of the key regions in the history of human civilizations; (3) demonstrate the potential of inscribed bricks (glazed and unglazed), a common material in ancient Mesopotamia, to archaeomagnetic studies; and (4) suggest that the gate complex was constructed some time after the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem, and that there were no substantial chronological gaps in the construction of each consecutive phase. The best fit of our data (averaging 136±2.1 ZAm ² ) with those of the reference curve (the Levantine Archaeomagnetic Curve) is 569 BCE.
... Brick represents the first product specially made for construction, where the first bricksmud bricks-were clay bars, which were molded in wooden frames and dried naturally in a hot climate. The oldest find, indicating the demand for brick construction, dates to the eighth millennium BC [21] (see Figure 1). These bricks were discovered in the Middle East, and structural research revealed that they were formed of clay, mud, and resin; the bars were molded by hand and dried in the sun. ...
... In Sulaymaniyah, the oldest caves are Zerzi cave and Hazar Murd cave. 1 The entrance of one of the most famous caverns in the Zagros Mountains, "Shanider," is 8 meters high and 25 meters wide. From the interior, it measures 40 meters long and 53 meters broad. 2 Clay brick masonry is one of humanity's oldest and most lasting construction methods [21]. Brick burning was invented by the ancient Sumerians thousands of years ago. ...
... The color of the European brick now can be just anything-shades of red and pink, indeed; but also black, white, and everything in between. The brick form we know today has evolved over time and has been shaped by several cultural and social influences of human beings in the past-both colonizers and the colonized, and at times even thanks to collaborations among these two classes [59,60]. Brickwork that satisfies the requirements of contemporary architecture and urban planning is reaching a new, better-quality level after decades of deconstructivism and hi-tech building. ...
... T color of the European brick now can be just anything-shades of red and pink, indee but also black, white, and everything in between. The brick form we know today h evolved over time and has been shaped by several cultural and social influences of hum beings in the past-both colonizers and the colonized, and at times even thanks to colla orations among these two classes [59,60]. Brickwork that satisfies the requirements of co temporary architecture and urban planning is reaching a new, better-quality level af decades of deconstructivism and hi-tech building. ...
... T color of the European brick now can be just anything-shades of red and pink, inde but also black, white, and everything in between. The brick form we know today h evolved over time and has been shaped by several cultural and social influences of hum beings in the past-both colonizers and the colonized, and at times even thanks to coll orations among these two classes [59,60]. Brickwork that satisfies the requirements of co temporary architecture and urban planning is reaching a new, better-quality level af decades of deconstructivism and hi-tech building. ...
The process of combining various parts to create a structure is called building. The most effective and significant component of any construction is masonry. The Colosseum, buildings from ancient Greece and Rome, Central American buildings, and Mycenaean structures all used this material as one of their primary building elements. The oldest form is dry masonry of irregularly shaped stones. The ecological qualities of masonry, as a restorative material with a low impact on the environment, as well as the environmental control capacity of the massive wall, bring masonry back to attention as a suitable material for sustainable building in the context of current concerns for sustainable architecture. This article takes the form of a review of the journey of masonry as the primary construction material—from prehistoric structures to modern-day edifices. This article will go through the fundamentals of masonry construction to support its usage in structures throughout history and in many architectural styles, as a crucial representation of human construction in architectural history. This article aims to create a historical review, presenting masonry as an essential building material and assessing its role in the history of building materials.
... The vast majority of mud brick buildings have lost their weak ability to resist damaging factors in addition to the lack of interest in them. Three-dimensional applications in archaeological studies are considered important processes for registering and preserving heritage and for creating a database for monitoring future erosion [51]. The ancient Egyptians left buildings surrounded by mud-brick wall to suit the climatic conditions in Egypt and due to their low thermal conductivity [52], recent excavations have provided a clear view of the types and uses of mud bricks and the engineering techniques for their use Based on the recognition that these places remain essential to the continuity of the identity of the indigenous peoples [53]. ...
... This is because earth is naturally and locally available in abundance all over the world, it is economical to use, easy to work with, and is more environmentally friendly compared to all other modern construction materials. It has been reported that civilization could be said to have begun with the history of brick masonry around 10,000 BCE as evidenced in one of the earliest man's civilization known, the remains of Mesopotamians masonry heritage [1,2]. Deboucha and Hashim [3] associated the bricks made by the Mesopotamians to the deposits of alluvial from the nearby River Euphrates and Tigris which assisted them to construct their buildings beside the two rivers, indication that man will always make use of available materials to meet their needs. ...
This study investigated the physico-mechanical and thermal properties of plantain pseudo-stem fibre reinforced adobe masonry units. Experimental protocols with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% weight of fibres to soil were used to prepare adobe masonry unit and tested for their properties. The fibre reinforced specimens recorded 53 and 33% improvement of tensile strength and compressive strength, respectively as compared with the unreinforced specimens. It was further revealed that the fibre reinforced adobe specimen had 18.42% more thermal resistance than the unreinforced adobe specimen. The study recommends plantain pseudo-stem fibre (0.5-0.75%) for inclusion in adobe masonry units for construction application.
The lightweight concrete is manufactured from aggregates (expanded perlite) with a density of 145 kg/m3 and an absorption of 1.65%. This study has two aspects: a theoretical aspect that includes previous research on this concrete and a practical aspect that provides for conducting two groups of mixtures and preparing them according to ACI 211.2-98 design method. The first group includes cement, perlite, and water, and the second group consists of the addition of superplasticizer and silica fume, Each group included five series with three variables for each series. In the first series, the cement content was changed with a content of (275,300,350) kg/m3 with a volumetric mixing ratio (1:4), while in the second series, the aggregate content was changed only with a cement content of (275) kg/m3 with mixing ratios (1:4.1:5, 1:6) with a ratio of water to cement (0.4), and in the third series (superplasticizer) type (F) is added in different proportions, in the fourth series silica fume was added in three proportions (5%, 10%, 15% ) By replacing the weight of cement and the fifth series, the optimum contents were determined, which have acceptable workability, low density, and compressive strength commensurate with the density. Tests (flowability, dry density, and compressive strength) were carried out. It was observed that the workability, dry density, and compressive strength decreased with increasing perlite content but improved with the addition of superplasticizer and silica fume. The percentage of increase in density was (9% and 32%) at the optimum value of silica fume in 28.7 days, respectively. As for the compressive strength, the percentage of increase was (30% and 36%) in 7 and 28 days, respectively.
Through the Artemis program, NASA will extensively explore the Moon in preparation for the first human mission to Mars. NASA is planning to return to the Moon in the next few years, to establish a strategic presence at the Lunar south pole. To promote a long-term sustained presence, planetary surface construction technologies are needed to build a variety of supporting structures such as habitats, radiation shields, protective hangars, and launching and landing pads. Construction 3D printing (C3DP) is an autonomous construction technology that employs the principles of additive manufacturing on a structure scale. While C3DP has been mainly used for terrestrial construction, it is also considered a viable robotic construction technology for planetary infrastructure buildup. In this paper, the challenges and possibilities of extrusion-based planetary C3DP will be discussed in detail. Moreover, the results of an ongoing experimental study, as well as future research plans will be presented.
ABSTRACT
Eridu is one of the oldest cities in the ancient world. The city is located on a site called (Tel Abu Shaheen), which is a huge mound of rubble that was accumulated thousands of years ago. Eridu or (Tell Abu Shahrin) is a parallelogram city with a diameter of 1900 by 1,700 feet (580 by 540 meters). It is 23 feet (7 meters) high. Most of its height consists of the ruins of the Ubaid and Uruk period (6500-3800 BC) including houses, temples, and tombs built on top of each other nearly 3,000 years ago.
This paper aims at how to create a retrieval system through designing a digital library by using open source GSDL software, which will help to store, collect, preserve and distribute all types of documents in digital format. It also describes how to create and integrate a new metadata schema (tc) for a particular domain (Terracotta) using GEMS. In this study, different types of textual information, images, and videos are collected about terracotta temples of the Bankura district of West Bengal. A domain-specific metadata schema using unique namespace 'tc' is created for describing terracotta resources and an HTML page is created for each terracotta temple for displaying in a retrieval system. Finally, a retrieval framework through GSDL software is created to search and retrieve the terracotta resources. Ultimately, a digital library or digital archive of “Terracotta temple in West Bengal” has been developed which is searchable through the web as well as offline/CD-ROM or portable media. It also describes steps about the organization and management of terracotta resources and archiving policy of terracotta cultural objects using open-source digital library software - GSDL. As there are no such standard metadata schemas for archival of terracotta temple resources of West Bengal as per our knowledge are concerned, this is a unique attempt to build such schema and design a prototype online as well as offline retrieval system by harvesting this schema.
