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The Trisuli Ganga River is rich in sand and gravel which are widely exposed along its banks. In recent years, quarry sites have been established and the materials have been supplied to markets. Apart from it the Trishuli III hydroelectric project is going to be established and for which a huge amount of construction aggregates will be required. Fro...
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... This is due to the aggregate begin stronger than the mortar. During it several references were take such as SGK, Mulu ZSD 2018: Shrestha S, Tamrakar NK, 2013: Alam MS, Ahmed SI, 2020: Asseta G, Gebregziableer A, 2020 Shrestha & Tamrakar (2013) studied Geotechnical properties of construction aggregates from Trishuli Ganga river, Galchi area, Central Nepal and found that the metamorphic rockbased aggregates showed ability to resist weathering and abrasion and the parameters lies within the international specifications. It also reveals that the aggregates were suitable for both asphaltic and concrete works..The significance of this study can be listed as follows: ...
The study was focused to find out the perception of local people towards the Sources of Coarse Aggregates around their locality. The study area is within and around the periphery of Kathmandu Valley. The study area was determined by location of building construction project and aggregate Sources, processing plant sites. The sample was selected from an unknown and finite population of local people. In this study, Convenience sampling techniques were used for. Questionnaire survey, Formal Discussions. For the purpose of laboratory-based test, the coarse aggregates were sampled according to the procedure described by IS:2430-1986. The perception of local people regarding the coarse aggregates sources, production plant were revealed on the basis of satisfaction with the source; complains/drawbacks about the source nearby the locality; addressing issues raised by respondents on behalf of local government, aggregate production management team; effective measures/suggestions for extraction of coarse aggregates from source.
... Natural aggregate is one of the most abundant materials occurring on the earth's surface and used as a construction material for many years [2] . Construction material plays a vital role in development of infrastructures for the nation [3] . Aggregates are widely used in concrete, foundations, mortar, grout, steel-reinforced beams, flooring and retaining walls as well as a filler material [4][5][6][7][8] . ...
Present study is aimed at assessment of Bholari river sand for its geotechnical characterization and suitability as fine aggregate which is being quarried in Jamshoro district, Sindh, Pakistan. For this purpose, sand samples (n=11) were collected from quarry sites and main river channel. Physical properties reveal that Bholari sand is mainly coarse to fine in size (0.2 mm-5 mm). Average values of fineness modulus, specific gravity, bulk density and void content of collected samples are 2.58, 2.56, 1659.90 kg/m3 and 35.12% respectively which varied within the corresponding permissible ranges of ACI (American Concrete Institute). Carbonate content of about 57.59% is also in agreement with corresponding range for fine aggregate. Petrographic examination revealed that Bholari River sand mainly comprises of quartz and rock fragments with subordinate limestone fragments. As per classification of Dott (1964), Bholari sand is lithic arenite where quartz (50%) occurs as main mineral followed by rock fragments (30%), feldspars (15%) and other opaque minerals (5%). Texturally, the sediments are angular (77%) to sub-round (33%). All these physical properties lie within the range set by National Highway Authority (NHA) and American Standard of Testing Material (ASTM). It is concluded that Bholari River sand is suitable for use in concrete mixed with cement and asphalt.
... From few years, sediments of the Malekhu properties i.e. particle shape, grading, composition and its physical and chemical properties. Shrestha and Tamrakar (2013) have studied the geotechnical properties of construction aggregate from the Trishuli Ganga River, Galchi area, Central Nepal and showed that aggregate of the area is resistant to weathering and abrasion. Tamrakar et al. (2002) studied Siwalik sandstones from the Central Nepal and concluded that dry density and porosity were correlated well with uniaxial compressive strength, point load index and modulus ratio. ...
p>The Malekhu Khola is rich in sediments which are widely exposed along its banks. In recent years, river mining sites have been established and mining has been carried on to produce aggregates to meet a small portion of the market demand. Because the riverbank deposits are of heterogeneous composition, quality of the aggregate from such deposits is of main issue. This study therefore, aims to evaluate quality of river sediment to know its suitability for aggregate as raw material for various uses, and the volume of the deposit. Field observation and intensive laboratory works were carried out to evaluate aggregates. The samples of aggregates were analyzed for texture, composition, durability and physical and mechanical properties. Majority of the aggregate particles were found metamorphic rocks of the Lesser Himalaya like quartzite, schist, marble, metasandstone, amphibolites, gneiss and granite, etc. Most of the deposits were matrix-supported and the matrix was basically sandy. The majority of clasts showed bladed to disc, and were generally rounded to sub rounded. The sediment size ranged from granule to upto boulder but the modal size was of cobble grade. While tested for gradation, the coarse aggregates ranged from uniform to gap graded categories. In terms of shape, workability of aggregate was found satisfactory. Aggregate samples possessed low Water Absorption Value (0.53–1.08%) and thus low effective porosity. Aggregate Impact Value (13.40–15.70%) and Aggregate Crushing Value (17.50–19.67%) showed good soundness. Los Angeles Abrasion Value (37.00–48.40%) showed the consistent hardness of each of the samples. The low range of Sodium Sulphate Soundness Value (1.37–2.16%) indicated good resistance of aggregates against chemical weathering and frosting. The aggregates were also resistant to slaking as indicated by very high range of Slake Durability Strength Index (98.67–99.72%). Comparing with the existing Nepal Standard (NS), British Standard (BS) and American Standard of Testing Material (ASTM), the studied samples were suitable for concrete structures and unbound pavements. Six different localities were considered in the study area to estimate for resource of aggregates. The total volume of the deposits was estimated to be 392273 cubic meter.
Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 18, 2015, pp. 49-58</p
... Gondal et al. (2009) evaluated engineering properties of these local aggregates for use in roads and concrete. Shrestha and Tamrakar (2013) suggested suitability of natural gravels from the Trishuli Ganga River for base and sub-base courses. ...
p>Durability of infrastructures demands detail study of rocks which helps to give knowledge on physical properties, strength and durability of rocks, and their usefulness as construction materials. A wide belt of conglomerates of the Upper Siwalik Subgroup (Pliocene to Lower Pleistocene) extends in the Chure Hills of Central Nepal. These conglomerates are mostly loosely consolidated, matrix-supported and containing clast of diverse composition. Because of haphazard mining of the riverbeds of the Chure and Dudhaura Kholas, the present study was carried out for evaluation of clasts from the conglomerates distributed at the hillslopes of the Chure Khola, as alternative sources mainly for unbound pavement. Stiffness and durability of clasts from conglomerates was tested for grading, shape indices, Water Absorption Value (WAV), specific gravity, Aggregate Impact Value (AIV), Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV), Los Angles Abrasion Value (LAV), Sodium Sulphate Soundness Value (SSSV) and Slake Durability Index (SDI). The suitability of clast from conglomerates for unbound pavement was finally evaluated for the sample for intended uses following specifications of British standard, ASTM standard and Nepal standard.
The clasts of conglomerate beds are composed of quartzite, sandstone, siltstone, schist, marble, phyllite, granite, limestone and amphibolite. Among all those clasts, quartzite is dominant in all samples. The texture of clast is smooth and rough surface. Flakiness index (FI) and Elongation index (EI) indicate that aggregates possess only some flat and elongate grains and are good in workability. WAV lies below 3% and the dry density (2260kg/m<sup>3</sup>–2750kg/m<sup>3</sup>) of aggregates, coincides with the standard average value of ASTM Standard, British Standard and Nepal Standard. The ACV of the sample lies in the range 17% to 26% within the limit of ASTM standard, BS and Nepal Standard. The Los Angles Value of the sample lies in the range 34% to 44.60% and therefore, they can be used for base course and sub base course. SSSV for five cycles was calculated to be less than 10%. SDI after second cycle is very high (94.29%) and samples are durable in nature according to ASTM D4644- 87 Standard. All parameters show that the sample of the clast of conglomerate deposited along the Chure Khola are durable meeting all ASTM, British and Nepal Standard and thus are suitable unbound pavement.
Bulletin of the Department of Geology , vol. 19, 2016, pp. 1–14</p
Stone dust is a waste material produced in stone crusher industry. Stone dust produced from the crushed stone industry is quite numerous. Nowadays in Makawanpur district of Nepal, the availability of high-quality natural fine aggregate has become increasingly limited and expensive due to factors such as restricted river access, illegal dredging, and the rapid surge in construction activities. This situation necessitates the exploration of alternative materials for construction purposes. Crushed stone dust emerges as a compelling substitute, offering an effective solution to partially replace natural fine aggregate in construction applications. To achieve this objective, a meticulous experimental program was designed, involving the creation of cube-shaped specimens. The findings of the study reveal that stone dust can indeed serve as a viable replacement for natural fine aggregate with crushed stone dust, as evidenced by compressive strength measurements. This emphasizes the feasibility and effectiveness of integrating stone dust as a strategic alternative to natural sand in construction endeavors. This study aims to find out the maximum percentage of stone dust to substitute sand in a concrete mix to obtain the maximum strength and good workability. The cement used throughout this work was Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of 43 grade. The natural sand was taken from Rapti river and Manahar i river, while the crushed stone dust and coarse aggregate were taken from same source from different crusher of Makawanpur district. The percentages of crushed stone dust replacing natural fine aggregate were varied from 20, 40, 60 and 80% to find out the maximum percentage of crushed stone dust to replace natural fine aggregate from river to produce the maximum compressive strength of concrete. The results of this research showed that the maximum percentage of crushed stone dust, which could replace natural fine aggregate in concrete mixture was 40% with the higher compressive strength than that of concrete with natural sand only. In addition, decreasing the slump value when natural fine aggregate replaced by 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% slightly.
This research evaluates the geotechnical properties of the moraine materials at the end moraine of Imja Glacier Lake in Nepal. The study is motivated by the potential risk of outburst flood (GLOF) disasters posed by the rapid growth of glacier lakes in the region. Recent reports highlight the need for urgent investigation to understand the nature and relation of these glacier lakes to the geological and engineering properties of the moraine material. Imja Glacier Lake, located in the Khumbu region near Mt. Everest, has been studied for over 20 years using various scientific methods. However, our understanding of the engineering geological properties of the moraine dam material remains limited. The exponential growth of the lake's area and volume over the past five decades raises concerns about the risk of a catastrophic GLOF event. Pioneering researchers suggest that Imja Glacier Lake has substantial potential as one of the most dangerous glacial lakes in the area.
Purpose: The study was focused to find out the perception of contractors
about different Sources of Coarse Aggregates used in Selected Building
Construction Projects within Kathmandu Valley.
The demand for coarse aggregate is increasing rapidly in the Kathmandu
Valley for the construction of building-related structures after the Maoist
revolution and the devastating earthquake of April 2015. Aggregates from
different quarry sites should meet the physical requirements prescribed
by the Indian Standard (IS), the Department of Urban Development and
Building Construction (DUDBC), the National Building Code (NBC), the
Nepal Standard (NS-297), the Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge
Works (SSRBW). The perceptions of people from both sources; source
1, dissatisfaction with the sources, problems in the local community not
addressed by the local government and management team were both
responded to with support for the closure of the plant. The majority of
respondents from source 2 were satisfied with the responses, having
few complaints
To examine the values of physical properties and suggest suitability
of Coarse Aggregates from different Sources used in Selected Building
Construction Projects within Kathmandu Valley. Construction of
Journalism and Mass Communication Administrative Building,
Construction of Central Department of Management Academic Building,
Construction of Office of Registrar Building of Tribhuvan University
along with Paropakar Woman and Fertility Hospital Service Extension
and Research Building have been considered for study. Gradation/Sieve
Analysis, Crushing Test, Abrasion Test, Impact Test on Aggregates, Shape
Test Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Test and Soundness Test
were done at lab. The data collected from both primary and secondary
sources were summarized, classified, tabulated, categorized. For the
quantitative data like various tests of coarse aggregates from different
sources were tabulated, processed and a comparison was made between
different physical parameters and values to standard guidelines of IS,
DUDBC, NS and NS. The gradation analysis of coarse aggregates from
both source lies within the limit values but the coefficient of uniformity
were beyond the limit and coarse aggregates from both sources were
found to be poorly graded. The LAAV parameter has no significance role
in building construction related issues. The Strength, Specific Gravity,
Soundness, ACV, AIV for coarse aggregates from source 2 resembles
better physical properties than coarse aggregates from source 1. But,
the textural parameters like FI and EI of coarse aggregates from source
1 resembles better properties than source 1but does not lie within
permissible limits. This was mainly because of using cone and impact
crusher for source-1 and only cone and impact crusher 2
