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The South America's lithium triangle holds the most important lithium extraction sites: Salar de Atacama (SDA), Salar del Hombre Muerto (SDHM), Salar de Uyuni (SDU), Salar de Olaroz (SDO), and Salar del Rincon (SDR).
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Saving energy is a fundamental topic considering the growing energy requirements with respect to energy availability. Many studies have been devoted to this question, and life cycle assessment (LCA) is increasingly acquiring importance in several fields as an effective way to evaluate the energy demand and the emissions associated with products’ li...
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... Accordingly, the demand for production of anode quality graphite will increase, and at the same time the issue of the emissions impact on the environment during graphite production becomes relevant. In recent years, a number of works based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has [3,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The authors of the works, departing from the data on the technological sequence of anode-quality graphite production as well as used materials and energy carriers, determined the value of carbon emissions on the basis of generally accepted recommendations and taking into account direct and indirect emissions [13,14]. ...
The greenhouse gas emissions during the production of anode class graphite for the conditions of Ukraine have been calculated. Conventional technologies and technologies using electrothermal fluidized bed (EFB) for natural and synthetic graphite have been studied. Calculations are carried out with respect to the whole technological chain, starting from extraction and processing of raw materials and ending with finishing processing (coating). As a result, it is shown that the technology of using EFB for purification of natural graphite and graphitization of synthetic graphite is competitive in terms of global warming potential (GWP). In the production of natural graphite using thermal purification with EFB instead of chemical purification, emissions of greenhouse gases practically remain at the same level. At the same time, the use of acids is eliminated, and the environmental impact associated with them is reduced. Production of synthetic graphite of anodic quality in EFB furnaces allows to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions by 40-50% in comparison with traditional graphitization technologies in Acheson and Kastner furnaces. The effect is achieved by reducing energy and raw material consumption.
... LCA method. As a scientific method to evaluate the energy demand and the emissions associated with products' life cycles 28 , LCA has been widely used in product environmental characteristic analysis and decision support. LCA is divided into four stages: objective and scope determination, inventory analysis, evaluation impact analysis and results, and interpretation or optimization of evaluation results 29 . ...
As an important part of electric vehicles, lithium-ion battery packs will have a certain environmental impact in the use stage. To analyze the comprehensive environmental impact, 11 lithium-ion battery packs composed of different materials were selected as the research object. By introducing the life cycle assessment method and entropy weight method to quantify environmental load, a multilevel index evaluation system was established based on environmental battery characteristics. The results show that the Li–S battery is the cleanest battery in the use stage. In addition, in terms of power structure, when battery packs are used in China, the carbon footprint, ecological footprint, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, human toxicity cancer and human toxicity noncancer are much higher than those in the other four regions. Although the current power structure in China is not conducive to the sustainable development of electric vehicles, the optimization of the power structure is expected to make electric vehicles achieve clean driving in China.
