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The Share of Renewables in Electric and Non-electric Final Energy Use, in Transport Energy (Target Also Shown) and in Total Final Energy Use (Target Also Shown) as Observed (1990-2008) and as Projected (2009-2025) for the High Growth scenario
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A review of charmoniumlike state studies at Belle which use amplitude analyses is presented, including the Zc(4430)+ , Zc(4200)+ and χc0(3860).
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... H ydrogen is a valuable commodity as a fuel and reductant that is predominately produced from natural gas and other fossil fuel sources with concomitant generation of carbon dioxide. 1 An alternative approach would utilize energy from renewable sources in an aqueous electrolytic cell to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water. 2−6 The resulting hydrogen would be carbon-neutral and free of CO impurities, which can poison hydrogen oxidation catalysts found in fuel cells. ...
The electrocatalytic activity of a water-soluble nickel complex, [Ni(DHMPE)2]2+ (DHMPE = 2-bis(di(hydroxymethyl)phosphino)ethane), for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at pH 1 is reported. The catalyst functions at a rate of ~103 s-1 (kobs) with high Faradaic efficiency. Quantification of the complex before and after 18+ hours of electrolysis reveals negligible decomposition under catalytic conditions. Although highly acidic conditions are common in electrolytic cells, this is a rare example of a homogeneous catalyst for HER that functions with high stability at low pH. The stability of the com-pound and proposed catalytic intermediates enabled detailed mechanistic studies. The thermodynamic parameters governing electron and proton transfer were used to determine the appropriate reductants and acids to access the catalytic cycle in a step-wise fashion, permitting direct spectroscopic identification of intermediates. These studies support a mechanism for proton re-duction that proceeds through two electron reduction of the nickel(II) complex, protonation to generate [HNi(DHMPE)2]+, and further protonation to initiate hydrogen bond formation.
... Only those available at the time of this study are compared to promote ease of understanding and emphasise potential problems evident with point forecasts. The recession in Ireland further highlights accuracy difficulties with CO 2 point forecasts errors of up to 9.1% for the first forecast year (Devitt et al., 2010). There are strategic implications of relying on point forecasts for policy-making which become more salient as errors increase. ...
This paper presents future scenarios of Irish energy-related CO2 emissions to 2020, using a combination of
multi-sectoral decomposition analysis with scenario analysis. Alternative development paths, driving forces
and sectoral contributions in different scenarios have been explored. The scenarios are quantified by using
decomposition analysis as a Divisia Index SCenario GENerator (DISCGEN). The driving forces of population,
economic and social development, energy resources and technology and governance and policies are
discussed. A set of four integrated or ‘hybrid’ qualitative and quantitative baseline emission scenarios are developed.
It is found that sectoral contributions and emissions in each scenario vary significantly. The inclusion
of governance, social and cultural driving forces are important in determining alternative development paths
and sustainability is crucial. Our empirical results show that decomposition analysis is a useful technique to
generate the alternative scenarios.
... This is also consistent with the forecasts ofDevitt et al. (2010).87 On the other hand, there may be learning by doing economies in building interconnectors so that costs fall as more interconnectors are built. ...
... Only those available at the time of this study are compared to promote ease of understanding and emphasise potential problems evident with point forecasts. The recession in Ireland further highlights accuracy difficulties with CO 2 point forecasts errors of up to 9.1% for the first forecast year (Devitt et al., 2010). There are strategic implications of relying on point forecasts for policy-making which become more salient as errors increase. ...
... Kim et al. [6] reported the enzymatic digestibility of corn stover treated by the ammonia recycled percolation to be 90% with an enzyme loading of 10 FPU/g-glucan. Although many biological, chemical, and physical methods have been attempted over the years, further development of pretreatment methods is needed to reduce overall costs of lignocellulosic bioconversion [7]. Dilute acid treatment, water pretreatment with pH control, AFEX, ammonia recycle percolation (ARP), and lime pretreatment are among the most promising and most studied technologies [3]. ...
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of switchgrass was performed following aqueous ammonia pretreatment. Switchgrass was soaked in aqueous ammonium hydroxide (30%) with different liquid-solid ratios (5 and 10 ml/g) for either 5 or 10 days. The pretreatment was carried out at atmospheric conditions without agitation. A 40-50% delignification (Klason lignin basis) was achieved, whereas cellulose content remained unchanged and hemicellulose content decreased by approximately 50%. The Sacccharomyces cerevisiae (D5A)-mediated SSF of ammonia-treated switchgrass was investigated at two glucan loadings (3 and 6%) and three enzyme loadings (26, 38.5, and 77 FPU/g cellulose), using Spezyme CP. The percentage of maximum theoretical ethanol yield achieved was 72. Liquid-solid ratio and steeping time affected lignin removal slightly, but did not cause a significant change in overall ethanol conversion yields at sufficiently high enzyme loadings. These results suggest that ammonia steeping may be an effective method of pretreatment for lignocellulosic feedstocks.
... For the future, more economical processes are anticipated with costs of 6.4 $/GJ [30]. Biomass Hydrogen can be produced by gasification of biomass [31,32]. Since biomass is composed of hydrocarbons, the emitted quantities of CO 2 are not low. ...
... Under special and localized conditions, hydrogen from electrolysis may become competitive, for example when low cost hydro-electric power is available [31], 7 to 14 €/GJ from large scale hydro-electricity are estimated in Ref. [33]. ...
This study summarizes information on the use of hydrogen for iron ore reduction. Ideally, hydrogen reduction
would imply zero CO2 emissions. Reaction capabilities of hydrogen and the existing processes are reviewed.
Available sources of H2 and the associated CO2 effects are discussed. Costs are estimated and compared.
... Source: SEAI, 2010, Energy in Ireland, 1990 Because of the importance of energy to the proper functioning of the economy, Ireland is very dependent on having readily available sources of supply of oil and gas. Even with some increase in renewables over the coming decade, this situation is not expected to change significantly in the period up to 2020 (Devitt et al., 2010). ...
... The depth and expected relatively long duration of the current recession in Ireland will dramatically reduce the demand for energy over the coming decade. While some bounce back will occur (Devitt et al., 2010 andSEAI, 2010), output over the coming decade is likely to be very much lower than had previously been anticipated. In turn, the population will be lower than was projected in 2008 and the number of households will be correspondingly reduced. ...
... In addition to the ETS scheme, the EU limits on emissions of carbon dioxide from other sources 8 will put significant pressure on individual economies. In the case of Ireland, it will be very difficult to meet the targets set without recourse to purchasing permits from other countries (Devitt et al., 2010). It is very important for Ireland that this latter option is available. ...
Water is essential for electricity and heat production. This study assesses the consumptive water footprint (WF) of electricity and heat generation per world region in the three main stages of the production chain, i.e. fuel supply, construction and operation. We consider electricity from power plants using coal, lignite, natural gas, oil, uraenium or biomass as well as electricity from wind, solar and geothermal energy and hydropower. The global consumptive WF of electricity and heat is estimated at 378 billion m3/y. Wind energy (0.2-12 m3/TJe), solar energy through PV (6-303 m3/TJe) and geothermal energy (7-759 m3/TJe) have the smallest WFs; biomass (50,000-500,000 m3/TJe) and hydropower (300-850,000 m3/TJe) the largest. WFs of electricity from fossil fuels and nuclear energy range between the extremes. The global weighted-average WF of electricity and heat is 4,241 m3/TJe. Europe has the largest WF (22% of the total), followed by China (15%), Latin America (14%), the USA and Canada (12%), and India (9%). Hydropower (49%) and firewood (43%) dominate the global WF. Operations (global average 57%) and fuel supply (43%), contribute most; the WF of construction is negligible (0.02%). Electricity production contributes 90% to the total WF, heat 10%. In 2012, the global WF of electricity and heat was 1.8 times larger than in 2000. The WF of electricity and heat from firewood increased four times, the WF of hydropower grew by 23%. The sector’s WF can be most effectively reduced by shifting to greater shares of wind, PV and geothermal energy.
Thermal recovery, and specifically steam injection, is arguably the most successful technique for enhancing oil recovery implemented to date. Heat thins heavy oils reducing viscosity, improving producibility substantially, and shifts rock wettability to conditions more favorable for oil recovery. While thermal recovery is typically applied to heavy and viscous oils in sand matrices, thermal techniques are also applicable to lighter oils and to more heterogeneous formations. Because most thermal oil production is achieved today using steam generated on the surface by burning natural gas, thermal recovery has an environmental footprint that is larger when compared to conventional oil production. The relatively large surface footprint, water demand, and carbon dioxide emissions from steam generation have all emerged as challenges for thermally enhanced oil production. This article outlines the current technical, economic, and environmental issues associated with thermal oil recovery. It also presents potential solutions and mitigation measures. Techniques such as solar heat to displace fossil fuels for steam generation, in-situ combustion, and downhole heat generation have great potential as next-generation thermal recovery methods.
