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Among all the different methods to enhance the optical absorption of photovoltaic devices. The plasmonic effect is one the most prominent and effective ways to capture more incident light and also provide good carrier dynamic management. Here, we systematically introduce spherical gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with different radii in the absorber lay...
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Hole transport layer (HTL)‐free carbon electrode‐based perovskite solar cells (C‐PSCs) have drawn great attention due to their excellent stability and simple fabrication process. However, the photovoltaic parameters of C‐PSCs usually exhibit large negative temperature coefficients (TCs). Herein, the TCs of C‐PSCs can be suppressed by enhancing elec...
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... Hence, previous studies have utilized Au@TiO 2 core-shell NPs in both spherical and nanorod configurations. The integration of a dielectric shell not only augments absorption but also acts as a protective shield, isolating the NPs from the surrounding absorbing material [16,17]. ...
... First, the dielectric shell protects against the corrosive properties of the perovskite (methylammonium) material and prevents the recombination of excitons on the metal surface [34,35]. Second, because the metal is sandwiched between two dielectric layers and is very small, it avoids parasitic absorption and can prevent thermal and chemical interactions, thereby improving the stability of the device [16,[35][36][37][38][39]. Therefore, we introduce case 4, a PSC with PEDOT: PSS material and multi-layered NPs placed in the photoactive area. ...
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted significant attention due to their promising efficiency and cost-effectiveness. In this study, we first demonstrate the comprehensive optoelectrical analysis of the effect of pure silver (Ag) cubic nanoparticles (NPs) on PSCs with various hole transport layer (HTL) thicknesses and then calculate the optical losses of Ag cubic NPs. Additionally, we propose a novel approach utilizing multi-layer cubic NPs to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ultra-thin-film PSCs. The proposed NPs can enhance light absorption and reduce optical losses while providing better stability than pure metallic NPs, which are crucial factors in achieving high-efficiency photovoltaic devices. Thanks to the radiation effects of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), a significant increase in the intensity of far and near fields was shown for the proposed multi-layer cubic NPs, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed NP design. Moreover, PEDOT: PSS performs better than its counterparts in the presence of NPs. In the optimum scenario, the photocurrent exhibits a notable increase of 24.7% compared to the reference cell and a 10.7% increase compared to traditional Ag NPs. Additionally, a PCE of 21.07% was achieved for the absorber material with a thickness of 200 nm. This research opens avenues for developing next-generation PSCs with high performance and NP stability.
... This perovskite solar cell modified with ABSA has achieved the highest PCE in metal-protein cluster passivation. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Moreover, the reduced defective voids and the strong interaction between ABSA and TiO 2 improve the stability of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. ...
... [35] The interaction between the perovskite film and ABSA was further confirmed by conducting X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). As shown in Figure 1b,c, two characteristic peaks of Pb 4f were observed at 143. 33 and 138.47 eV, corresponding to the binding energies of the Pb 4f 5/2 and the Pb 4f 7/2 respectively. [28] After treating with ABSA, these characteristic peaks shifted towards the low binding energy direction by 0.16 eV, suggesting that the functional groups can interact with under-coordination Pb 2+ . ...
The heterogeneity of perovskite film crystallization along the vertical direction leads to voids and traps at the buried interfaces, hampering both efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells. Here, bovine serum albumin‐functionalized Au nanoclusters (ABSA), combined with heavy gravity, high surface charge density and strong interactions with the electron transport layer, are designed to reconstruct the buried interfaces for not only high‐quality crystallization, but also improved carrier transfer. The ABSA macromolecules with amine function groups and larger surface charge density interact with the perovskite to improve the crystallinity, and gradually migrate towards the buried interface, healing the defective voids, hence suppressing surface recombination velocity from 3075 to 452 cm·s ⁻¹ . The healed buried interface and the higher surface potential of ABSA‐modified TiO 2 lead to improved carrier extraction at the interface. The resulting solar cell attains a power conversion efficiency of 25.0% with negligible hysteresis and remarkable stability, maintaining 92.9% of their initial efficiency after 3200 hours of exposure to the ambient atmosphere, they also exhibit better continuous irradiation stability compared to control devices. Our findings provide a new metal‐protein complex to eliminate the deleterious voids and defects at the buried interface for improved photovoltaic performance and stability.
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... Fan et al. embedded Au@TiO 2 NR at the ETL position in PSCs and examined significant improvements in the PCE of the device from 15.76 to 16.35 %. I. Ullah et al. have proposed plasmonics Au NPs, Au@TiO 2, and Au@SiO 2 core-shell NPs placed inside the PSCs and observed a significant enhancement in the optical spectrum of PSCs (Ullah et al. 2022a). All these studies and investigations suggest that the novel plasmonic nanostructure and their superior effects of near-filed enhancement, far-field scattering, and LSPR is a promising cost-effective terminology to enhance the overall performance of PSCs rather than increasing the thickness of the absorber layer. ...
This report systematically demonstrated the plasmonic and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect in the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) using MAPbI3 as an active layer. The finite element method (FEM) was employed for the entire simulation of PSCs. Various light trapping and smooth charge carrier dynamics geometries with tailored nanoparticles (NPs) radius and core-shell thickness like Au NPs, Au@TiO2 core-shell, and Au@TiO2 nanorods (NR) were incorporated in the active layer. We observed their effect on PSC's optical absorption, charge carrier generation, and power conversion efficiency (PCE). The light absorption, generation rate, and short-circuit current density (JSC) were improved after embedding Au NPs with varying radii in the active layer. The best PCE achieved for Au NPs with a radius (AuNPs = 50 nm) was compared to the reference model without Au NPs (14.32 %). This increment in PCE is dedicated to the strong LSPR effect and improved JSC. The other cases, like Au@TiO2 core-shell and Au@TiO2 NR, also performed better than the reference model and Au NPs-based PSCs. The highest PCEs achieved for Au@TiO2 core-shell and Au@TiO2 NR were 16.52 % and 18.47 % Which is 15.53 %, and 28.98 %, higher than the reference model. This improvement in the performance of Au@TiO2 core-shell and Au@TiO2 NR-based PSCs is due to the strong LSPR effect, near-field enhancement, far-field scattering, increase in the generation rate of the exciton, and the overall performance of PSCs. These investigations contribute to further exploring the emerging technology of plasmonic-based PSCs and propose promising techniques to enhance photon energy and charge carrier dynamic management.
... I. Ullah et al. introduced gold (Au) NPs, Au@TiO 2 , and Au@SiO 2 core-shell NPs inside the absorber layer of PSCs. They observed broadband absorption spectrum in the visible region and enhanced the optical absorption up to 14 % for Au NPs, 17.5 %, and 3.5 % for Au@TiO 2 and Au@SiO 2 core-shell NPs, respectively [32]. Moreover, Talebi and his co-workers simulated HTL-free PSCs and investigated the plasmonic effect of silver (Ag) embedded inside the perovskite layer. ...
... By using this model, NPs are more thermally and chemically stable. Therefore, dielectric materials act as shields to prevent direct contact between semiconductors and metals [33,34]. The experimental study that was recently published regarding thermal stability demonstrated that SiO 2 nanoshells were able to maintain and stabilize the structure at a temperature of approximately 700°C [35]. ...
This work demonstrates the enhancement of the power conversion efficiency of thin film organic-inorganic halide perovskites solar cells by embedding triple-core-shell spherical plasmonic nanoparticles into the absorber layer. A dielectric-metal-dielectric nanoparticle can be substituted for embedded metallic nanoparticles in the absorbing layer to modify their chemical and thermal stability. By solving Maxwell's equations with the three-dimensional finite difference time domain method, the proposed high-efficiency perovskite solar cell has been optically simulated. Additionally, the electrical parameters have been determined through numerical simulations of coupled Poisson and continuity equations. Based on electro-optical simulation results, the short-circuit current density of the proposed perovskite solar cell with triple core-shell nanoparticles consisting of dielectric-gold-dielectric and dielectric-silver-dielectric nanoparticles has been enhanced by approximately 25% and 29%, respectively, as compared to a perovskite solar cell without nanoparticles. By contrast, for pure gold and silver nanoparticles, the generated short-circuit current density increased by nearly 9% and 12%, respectively. Furthermore, in the optimal case of the perovskite solar cell the open-circuit voltage, the short-circuit current density, the fill factor, and the power conversion efficiency have been achieved at 1.06 V, 25 mAcm⁻², 0.872, and 23.00%, respectively. Last but not least, lead toxicity has been reduced due to the ultra-thin perovskite absorber layer, and this study provides a detailed roadmap for the use of low-cost triple core-shell nanoparticles for efficient ultra-thin-film perovskite solar cells.
... Almost the same Jsc characteristics responding to F were predicted, confirming the reliability of the results. Figure 2a reveals that each of the obtained Jsc (which contains both the absorption contributions of perovskite thin film and plasmon NPs) of the two different cases of PSCs is obviously improved than that of planar reference for all the concerned F deviating from 0. It directly reflects the positive role of the embedded plasmon NPs to improve Jsc, which is similar to reports elsewhere [24,35,36]. It also confirms that the random distribution of plasmon NPs will not destroy their overall positive role to improve the optical efficiency of concerned PSCs. ...
The position of embedded plasmon nanoparticle is a key factor affecting the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). It is crucial to unveil whether and how do the randomly distributed Ag nanoparticles within the active layer improve the optical efficiency of PSC. In this work, a comparative study between the optical properties of PSCs by embedding randomly distributed Ag nanospheres and nanocubes within the absorption layer is numerically performed by the finite element method. It demonstrates that the obtained maximum photocurrent reaches 23.5 mA/cm² and 23.6 mA/cm², which gets 22.7% and 23.3% improvement relative to that of planar reference, respectively. Their optimal filling factor F is also predicted, which is discussed in terms of the synergistic effects of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the occupancy competition between the nanoparticle and perovskite. The photocurrent improvement of the concerned PSCs embedded with Ag@TiO2 core–shell NPs is also discussed. The present work is believed to be highly useful for the future development and application of PSCs to boost their optical efficiencies, especially for PSC embedded with randomly distributed plasmon nanoparticles.
... The present study employed the renowned Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method to solve Maxwell's equations and simulate light emission within the proposed comparator [103]. ...
... The present study employed the renowned Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method to solve Maxwell's equations and simulate light emission within the proposed comparator [103]. ...
A logic comparator is a digital circuit comprised of numerous transistors on an integrated circuit that compares two binary numbers. Researchers have proposed various designs for implementing comparators using logic gates, but most are based on DC electrical signals, which suffer from slow switching speeds and high power consumption. This paper presents a novel design for a fast and tunable electro-optic single-bit comparator utilizing graphene-coated nanoshells (GNSs) in photonic crystal (PhC) ring resonators. The comparator's structure includes three inputs, three GNS-coated ring resonators, several waveguides for comparison, and three outputs created in a PhC microstructure in an area of 760 µm². A continuous-wave laser source centered at 1550 nm is applied to the first input to enable the proposed photonic chip. Two other inputs are utilized to apply electrical voltages, and the comparator's task is to compare them. The optical signal applied to the enable input port is directed to the corresponding output depending on the comparison result. We used the finite-difference time-domain method to study the light propagation inside the proposed structure to solve Maxwell's equations. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the designed structure has a very short delay time of 1.85 ps, faster than previously reported comparators, including electronic, optoelectronic, and all-optical comparators. The proposed comparator's rapid response, small area, and tunability make it an appropriate device for optical applications in photonic integrated circuits.
Herein, the Fabry-Perot (F-P) interference of cesium silver bismuth bromide (Cs2AgBiBr6) double perovskite solar cells has been analyzed by modulating the optical path length of each layer step by step using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The study was performed pass through three main steps. In step 1, for the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)/Cs2AgBiBr6 double perovskite/gold (Au) architecture, we increased the absorption layer thickness from 150 to 600 nm at intervals of 150 nm and then predicted the optical performance including the absorption and reflection. In step 2, titanium dioxide (TiO2) layer was added between FTO electrode and Cs2AgBiBr6 double perovskite and then scaled from 20 to 200 nm at intervals of 20 nm. In the analysis process, short-circuit current density ( J sc ) repeatedly fell and rose as the TiO2 layer thickness increased, and when TiO2 layer thickness is 100 nm, J sc showed the highest value of 13.91 mA/cm2. In step 3, by applying a spiro-OMeTAD layer between the Cs2AgBiBr6 double perovskite absorption layer and Au electrode, the J sc showed a continuous increase with slight decrease as the spiro-OMeTAD layer thickness increased from 110 to 200 nm, and when the spiro-OMeTAD layer thickness was 200 nm, J sc was calculated as 14.57 mA/cm2, which is the highest value in the range. In the case of the optimal condition of full structure device, the Fabry-Perot resonance peaks were discovered at 477, 520, 572, 659, and 778 nm five wavelength regions, and the influence of the Fabry-Perot resonance on the generation rate inside the absorption layer on the 520, 572, and 659 nm monochromatic wavelength light was analyzed according to the position in the device. Our study approaches the Cs2AgBiBr6 double perovskite solar cell from an F-P cavity perspective and shows the light trapping phenomenon of the device according to the optical path length modulation.
This study uses computational analysis to comprehensively investigate lead‐free organic–inorganic CH3NH3SnI3 (MASnI3)‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The optoelectronic properties of MASnI3 are investigated using density functional theory with first‐principles calculations, highlighting its potential for photovoltaic applications. Key findings include the determination of a crucial bandgap (0.97 eV), identification of the onset of photon absorption at energies exceeding 2 eV, and characterization of material properties, such as the absorption and extinction coefficients, reflectivity, and refractive index. Device optimization through simulations explores parameters such as layer thickness, defect density, and different charge transport layers, resulting in a remarkable enhancement in the power conversion efficiency to 16.72%. Additionally, this study focuses on the influence of the working temperature, series resistance (R s), and shunt resistance (R sh) on the photovoltaic device performance. Hence, a high photovoltaic efficiency in MASnI3‐based PSCs can be achieved by carefully optimizing the device performance parameters and effectively managing the defect densities.
