Table 1
The Puccinia species associated with Im patiens species found in the UK Im patiens species Puccinia species
Context in source publication
Context 1
... potential to use Puccinia cf argentata as a biocontrol agent against I. glandulifera would appear high, especially when consideration is given to the behaviour of other rusts on Impatiens species (Table 1). The con-generic Impatiens parviflora, a non-native species introduced to Europe from Central Asia, hosts a highly specific co-evolved rust fungus, Puccinia komarovii, which attacks the stems of young plants killing them before they set seed. ...
Citations
... Tot op heden wordt biologische bestrijding via actieve introductie van uitheemse bestrijders niet toegepast als beheermaatregel in Vlaanderen. In het buitenland wordt dit wel onderzocht of toegepast voor soorten als reuzenbalsemien (toegepast met de roestschimmel Puccinia komarovii ;Tanner , et al., 2008;Tanner , et al., 2015), Japanse duizendknoop, grote waternavel, watercrassula, waterteunisbloem en Acacia-soorten. ...
De Vlaamse Waterweg nv streeft naar een doordacht beleid voor het beheer van invasieve
uitheemse soorten in haar werkingsgebied. Deze ambitie resulteerde in de noodzaak om
prioritaire invasieve uitheemse oever- en waterplanten te identificeren. Deze planten kunnen
immers, zowel nu als in de komende decennia onder de invloed van verwachte
klimaatscenario's, een bedreiging vormen voor de stabiliteit, integriteit en functioneren van de
infrastructuur. Dit rapport is de eerste aanzet in de uitwerking van een algemene
beheerstrategie voor deze prioritaire soorten.
Het eerste hoofdstuk beschrijft de methodologie tot het afbakenen van prioritaire soorten. Het
tweede hoofdstuk gaat in op algemene beheerrichtlijnen en geeft een overzicht van
beheersuggesties voor uitroeiing of controle. Beheermaatregelen worden vervolgens uitvoerig
omschreven in hoofdstuk 3. Voor elke soort worden de resultaten van beheermaatregelen en -
suggesties samengevat uit de literatuur. Algemene bioveiligheidsmaatregelen, die genomen
dienen te worden bij het betreden of beheren van een locatie waarop invasieve plantenexoten
werden vastgesteld worden vermeld in hoofdstuk 4. In bijlage bevinden zich soortidentificatie
fiches voor prioritaire invasieve uitheemse plantensoorten, wanneer deze tot op heden nog niet
voorhanden waren. In bijlage wordt ook een overzicht gegeven van eerdere publicaties van het
INBO die handelen over deze prioritaire soorten.
Naast de lijst van prioritaire soorten voor de Vlaamse Waterweg nv, is er nog een tweede
soortenlijst vermeld in bijlage. Deze soorten worden verwacht zich hier te vestigen of sterk uit
te breiden in de komende decennia, maar de impact voor de Vlaamse Waterweg nv wordt als
minder urgent beschouwd. Deze soorten hebben potentieel wel een effect op ecosystemen en
kunnen daarom in principe niet veronachtzaamd worden.
In essentie streeft dit rapport ernaar een praktische leidraad te bieden voor het beheer van
prioritaire plantenexoten binnen het werkingsgebied van De Vlaamse Waterweg nv.
Tegelijkertijd verschaft het een helder overzicht van de beschikbare beheermaatregelen.
Bovendien legt het rapport de fundamenten voor een toekomstige, meer alomvattende
strategie voor het beheer van deze soorten.
... I. glandulifera may decrease pollination of wild growing plants (Chittka and Schürkens 2001) as well as crops (Najberek et al. 2021), whose yield often depends on the availability of pollinators (Klein et al. 2007). At the same time, high costs of the species eradication, reaching £10/m 2 (Tanner et al. 2008), make its control complicated or even impossible to achieve in areas where I. glandulifera is widespread. ...
Flower infestation by pathogens may influence pollination effectiveness. At the same time, by sharing infested flowers, pollinators increase transmission of pathogens. In the presented study we identified fungi that colonised flowers of the invasive alien Himalayan balsam Impatiens glandulifera , one of the most nectar rewarding plants in Europe, as well as its pollinators. We determined factors (e.g., plant size, length of flower lower sepal and the width of its entry, air temperature and sun illuminance) that affect pathogen species presence and pollinators numbers. The study was conducted in three regions in Poland differing in time from the I. glandulifera invasion onset. It allowed embedding our results in the context of the evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis. With reference to this hypothesis we tested whether I. glandulifera from the two younger populations are more frequently pollinated than individuals from the old one, which may be a result of the higher infection prevalence in the flowers of individuals from the latter population. Harmful primary pathogens of I. glandulifera (e.g., Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium graminearum ) were identified from its flowers. Although the knowledge of the impact of the recorded pathogen species on the pollinators that transmit them is still limited, these pathogens are known to cause devastating diseases of native plant species and to incur significant economic losses in crops. Therefore, the facilitation of their transmission by I. glandulifera in the invaded communities may pose a serious threat both to native biodiversity and nearby crop production. We did not find support for the EICA hypothesis that flower release from pathogens may increase the pollinator’s activity. Bombus hortorum was the most frequent visitor in the youngest surveyed population, while B. pascuorum was most frequent in the two others. So far the dominance of B. hortorum as a pollinator of I. glandulifera has not been recorded. A possible explanation is that flowers in the youngest population, with significantly wider entries than in the two older ones, were more accessible for this large bumblebee. We suggest that the shifts in flower dimensions may result from the evolutionary processes and/or phenotypic plasticity; however, this suggestion needs to be confirmed in further studies. At the same time, it can be expected that exceptionally frequent visits of B. hortorum in flowers of I. glandulifera in the youngest population may contribute to increasing transmission rate of pathogen species to the new native host plants that are particularly associated with this pollinator.
... In regions dealing with the serious problem of proliferating Himalayan balsam, various methods of control have been tried, such as manual removal, use of chemicals or even boiling water [62,63]. The restored reservoir may be an effective method in controlling this species in the studied area. ...
According to historical sources, a watermill existed in the valley of the Trojanka River on the northwestern shore of Raduszyn Lake from the 15th century. Its dams lasted for centuries causing the water flow through the Raduszyn reservoir to slow down and deposit various mineral fractions in it. The aim of paper was to develop a scientific background for the sustainable management of organic matter extracted from the peat top and from deeper layers that are unsuitable for direct use, that is, decomposed peat. A SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis was used to describe ways of restoration of the water reservoir alongside the characterization of organic matter and the financial condition of the studied enterprise. For the use of the studied material as a homogeneous substrate for plant cultivation, the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and copper were insufficient, whilst calcium was excessive. Microbiological analyses of the organic materials intended as an additive for horticultural substrates confirmed the presence of plant growth-promoting bacteria. The occurrence of such microorganisms in the substrate can limit the use of mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products. The results of the research can be an example for enterprises restoring or creating water reservoirs by extraction of organic matter, which is often considered as waste that generates costs and does not bring financial benefits. Such a measure can be used to improve the efficiency of water reservoir restoration enterprises and at the same time contribute to sustainable land development.
... Due to quick growth up to 2 metres, shading seems to be of high importance in competition with other species, similarly as in aquatic ecosystems [17][18][19][20]. The plant proliferates using cracking seed pods, which when disturbed can propel seed for a distance of several metres due to their ballistic properties [21]. Unfortunately, this plant can potentially promote soil erosion when growing near waters [22], thus accelerating freshwater eutrophication. ...
... Manual removal is one of the preferred methods due to the lack of additional local disturbances, which can occur during implementation of chemical management. Another possibility is spread control using native species to recolonize areas after pior removal of invasive plants [21]. Oliver et al. [23] proposed and tested the use of hot water and cutting, obtaining very promising results. ...
... Due to quick growth up to 2 metres, shading seems to be of high importance in competition with other species, similarly as in aquatic ecosystems [17][18][19][20]. The plant proliferates using cracking seed pods, which when disturbed can propel seed for a distance of several metres due to their ballistic properties [21]. Unfortunately, this plant can potentially promote soil erosion when growing near waters [22], thus accelerating freshwater eutrophication. ...
... Manual removal is one of the preferred methods due to the lack of additional local disturbances, which can occur during implementation of chemical management. Another possibility is spread control using native species to recolonize areas after pior removal of invasive plants [21]. Oliver et al. [23] proposed and tested the use of hot water and cutting, obtaining very promising results. ...
... How tall I. glandulifera individuals grow depends on many abiotic and biotic factors, including soil nutrients and moisture (Grime et al., 1988), temperature (growing degree hours) (Helsen et al., 2017), latitude (length of the growing season, photoperiod) (Helsen et al., 2020a;Kollmann and Bañuelos, 2004), and the level of irradiance (see parts 4.6, 4.9 and 5.3). In its native range the species was found to have a smaller plant height than in Europe in some (Gruntman et al., 2020;Tanner et al., 2008), but not all studies (Tanner et al., 2014b). ...
... I. glandulifera is reported as native to three countries in the foothills of the western Himalaya, i.e. northeast Pakistan, northwest India (Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand) and likely western Nepal (Fig. 3A) (Beerling and Perrins, 1993;CABI, 2020;Fitter and Peat, 1994;Stace, 2019). In this relatively small range (estimated at approximately 800 km in length and 50 km in width, Tanner et al. (2008)), the species grows in the elevational belt with a temperate climate between 2000 and 4000 m above sea level (a.s.l.) (Beerling and Perrins, 1993;Hagenblad et al., 2015). ...
... Plasmopara obducens, Fibroidium balsaminae and potentially Podosphaera balsaminae) and rust damage (i.e. Cronartium flaccidum) also occurs in European populations (Ellis, 2020;Fitter and Peat, 1994;Tanner et al., 2008), with the latter being the most commonly observed leaf damage type (80-90 % of all damaged leaves) in two Polish populations (Najberek et al., 2020a(Najberek et al., , 2017. Seeds of I. glandulifera in Italy and Switzerland were furthermore found to be infected by the true fungal seed pathogen Fusarium culmorum and several secondary fungal pathogens (Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosprioides, C. herbarum, Epicoccum nigrum, Penicillium notatum, Phoma leveillei and Trichoderma viridae) (Najberek et al., 2018). ...
This paper presents all current knowledge on the biology of the invasive therophyte Impatiens glandulifera Royle (Himalayan Balsam), and covers aspects of taxonomy, morphology, distribution, habitat requirements, ecology, life cycle, genetics, history of invasive spread, ecological impact and management. Although a few review papers have been published on this species in previous decades, a great deal of insights have been gained in the last three decades, owing to the species’ notorious reputation as one of the most problematic invasive species in Europe. This study consequently focusses on this novel information, with a particular focus on information from Central Europe.
... Many of the factors that cause I. glandulifera to be so invasive in the UK, particularly the lack of its natural enemies, make it an ideal candidate for classical biological control (Tanner et al, 2008). ...
The annual plant Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) is the most widespread in-vasive non-native weed in the British Isles. Manual control is widely used, but is costly and laborious. Recently, biological control using the rust fungus Puccinia komarovii var. glanduliferae has been trialled. We designed an experiment to assess the impact of these control methods on invertebrate communities in relation to unmanaged and uninvaded habitats, and to determine whether mycorrhizal inoculation aided post-control recovery of these communities. Sixty invaded and twenty uninvaded field soil blocks were transplanted to the experiment site, where a mycorrhizal inoculum was added to half of all blocks. Biological and mechanical control treatments were applied to twenty invaded blocks independently; the twenty remaining invaded blocks were left intact. Above-and belowground invertebrate samples were collected from the blocks at the end of the growing season. Overall, aboveground invertebrate abundance increased with the removal of I. glandulifera, and several groups showed signs of recovery within one growing season. The effect of mechanical control was more variable in belowground invertebrates. Biological control did not affect aboveground invertebrate abundance but resulted in large increases in populations of belowground Collembola. Our experiment demonstrates that mechanical removal of I. glandulifera can cause rapid increases in invertebrate abundance and that its biological control with P. komarovii var. glanduliferae also has the potential to benefit native invertebrate communities. K E Y W O R D S invasive species, non-native plant, Himalayan balsam, biological control, mechanical control, native invertebrates
... A variety of insects and fungal plant pathogens were collected and brought to the UK under licence and tested at the CABI centre (Egham, Surrey) in a Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra)-approved quarantine unit. Unfortunately, although highly damaging to the target host species, most of the insects were found to feed on a broad range of Impatiens species (Tanner et al., 2008). A rust fungus, Puccinia komarovii Tranzchel ex P. Syd. & Syd. ...
In 2014, the rust fungus Puccinia komarovii var. glanduliferae, native to the foothills of the Himalayas from Kashmir to Western Nepal, became the first fungal agent to be released into Europe for the classical biological control of a non‐native weed. The target, Impatiens glandulifera or Himalayan balsam, is a prolific invader of riparian habitats in Europe and North America. During the period 2015–2018, a strain of the rust from India was released at a total of 36 sites, in 17 counties in England and Wales. There was limited field infection in 2015 and inoculation experiments conducted under controlled conditions revealed significant variation in the susceptibility of plant populations to the rust, with some showing immunity. Subsequently, a second strain of the rust from Pakistan was released in 2017 and was found to infect a different cohort of Himalayan balsam populations. The rust mass production methodology, and field inoculation and monitoring protocol, are detailed, and plants were tested for susceptibility to both rust strains prior to field release. Levels of foliar infection at selected sites in 2017 and 2018 are presented, as well as seedling infection rates in the spring of 2019. The results show that the rust is able to overwinter and establish populations in stands of Himalayan balsam in England. The issues involved with measuring the impact of the biological control agent are discussed.
... This approach is time-consuming and costly, and requires continual engagement to be successful. However, as a non-native species, with few or no natural antagonists, it should be amenable to a classical biological control programme (Tanner et al., 2008). ...
The rust fungus, Puccinia komarovii var. glanduliferae, has been introduced into the UK for biological control of the invasive weed, Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam). However, establishment of the pathogen has differed across the country, which may be partly explained by variation in plant genotype. The aim of this study was to examine whether there is a further layer of phenotypic resistance, provided by indigenous foliar endophytic fungi. Culturable endophytes were isolated from a number of different balsam populations, and the commonest species were inoculated into ‘clean’ balsam plants, to test their interactions with the rust. We found that endophyte communities within balsam are low in diversity and become more dissimilar with increasing distance between populations. Three endophytes (Colletotrichum acutatum, Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium oxysporum) were common and appeared to be antagonistic to the rust, reducing pustule number and mitigating the effect of the pathogen on plant biomass. I. glandulifera thus partially conforms to the endophyte‐enemy release hypothesis, in that as an introduced species, it has an impoverished endophyte complement, acquired from the local environment. However, these endophytes represent a potential barrier to effective biological control and future weed control strategies need to find strains of rust that can overcome plant genetic resistance and the overlaying phenotypic resistance, conferred by endophytes. Future classical biological control programmes of weeds must therefore take into account the fungal bodyguards that invasive species may acquire in their introduced ranges.
... Since its initial introduction, I. glandulifera has naturalized, spreading throughout the UK to become one of the most-prevalent invasive species, forming monocultures at high plant density which reduce biodiversity and which can have a detrimental impact on entire ecosystems [2][3][4][5][6]. In 2006, CABI responded to this threat by initiating a program of biological control against I. glandulifera, within which surveys were conducted to search for natural enemies within the plant's native range [7]. Resulting from these surveys, a rust fungus (subsequently identified as Puccinia komarovii var. ...
Matrix-assisted laser-desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS) is commonly used for the characterization of protein-containing biological samples. For this, we have previously developed sample-preparation methods that can be used for discrimination between Impatiens species and also between regional biotypes of Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera), initially using leaf samples and, more recently, using seed material. In the current article, we have developed a further MALDI-TOF MS-based method that can be used with seeds that uses only simple equipment and minimally hazardous reagents prior to storing and/or shipping dried seed proteins immobilized on filter paper for MALDI-TOF MS analysis. We have investigated I. glandulifera regional-biotype seeds originating from four different sites within the UK for which the parent plants differ in their susceptibility to the biological control agent Puccinia komarovii var. glanduliferae. Using a combination of time-course comparisons and principal-component analysis, we have demonstrated good MALDI-TOF MS spectral conservation, even after storage for 1 month at 35°C, of dried seed-protein samples immobilized on filter paper. This method may provide a further useful tool for the matching of biological control agents optimally to susceptible (regional) target-plant biotypes, and for seed characterization and/or identification in general.
