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The Herbarium of Moscow State University, Russia,
possesses a relatively small (63 specimens), but historically
interesting, collection of herbarium specimens linked with
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778). Some of these originally formed
part of Linnaeus’ own herbarium while others, although
never his property, were nevertheless studied by him and
may be o...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... important centre of St. Petersburg botany was the Kunstkammer and the Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences. The Kunstkammer (Fig. 22) was the first public museum in Russia. It was founded in 1704 by Peter the Great and became a basis for developing the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (created in 1724; now the Russian Academy of Sciences) and its scientific institutions and museums. A silhouette of the Kunstkammer is still used as the official logotype of the ...
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Цифровой гербарий МГУ: зачем ботаникам big data? [Moscow Digital Herbarium: why botanists need big data?
Citations
... In addition to the Wendlands, Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart (1742Ehrhart ( -1795 is an important contributor to the Herrenhausen Herbarium. Ehrhart was the "court botanist" at the Herrenhausen Gardens and he was one of the latest students of Linnaeus at Uppsala from 1773 to 1776 (Sokoloff & al., 2002). ...
... Hoffmann took the largest part of Ehrhart's herbarium with him, and it is now kept in the Moscow State University (MW). A detailed study of Ehrhart's specimens in MW was published by Sokoloff & al. (2002). The remaining Ehrhart collections at GOET can be grouped as follows: (1) the three fascicles (707 barcodes) discussed here; (2) numerous specimens included in the Herrenhausen Herbarium ordered according to the Linnaean System; (3) numerous specimens and exsiccatae in the general and type herbaria at GOET. ...
... Arguably, the most important collectors contributed to the three fascicles of the Ehrhart Herbarium and we therefore present a separate list of collectors for this part of the Herrenhausen collection (Appendix 2). Biographical information about Ehrhart can be found in Wagenitz (1982Wagenitz ( , 2001Wagenitz ( , 2016 and Sokoloff & al. (2002). Born in Switzerland, he made his studies and training as pharmacist in Germany (Nuremberg, Erlangen, Hanover) and then went to Uppsala, where he was one of the last students of Carl Linnaeus. ...
Three generations of the Wendland family, Johann Christoph Wendland (1755–1828), Heinrich Ludolph Wendland (1792–1869) and Hermann Wendland (1825–1903), were outstanding court gardeners at the Royal Gardens of Herrenhausen (Hanover, Germany). The “Wendlands” not only enriched the botanical diversity of the gardens through plants obtained in exchange, purchased or collected during their own journeys, but they also achieved a good scientific reputation by publications on diverse botanical themes including the description of new taxa. Moreover, there exists a herbarium of approximately 16,600 plant specimens related to these gardens, the Wendlands and their publications. Numerous papers dealing with the Wendlands and the Royal Gardens of Herrenhausen have been published. The Herrenhausen Herbarium, however, also known as the Wendland Herbarium, which was donated to the University of Göttingen in 1969, was so far neither digitized nor revised. Here, we describe the history and the current digitization of this herbarium, which includes specimens collected between 1780 and 1857. It consists of three major parts: the Herrenhausen Herbarium arranged according to the Linnaean System (13,035 specimens), the palm collection (1069 specimens) and smaller collections (specimens collected by Hermann Wendland in Central America, collections of Carl Hoffmann from Costa Rica and a part of Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart's herbarium, who was a student of Linnaeus; approximately 2500 specimens). The systematic digitization of this historical herbarium as a whole revealed a seemingly unconventional arrangement of the specimens, which we explain here for the correct interpretation of collection data. Furthermore, and despite the meagre information on the herbarium labels, we were able to identify 260 specimens from a trip of Heinrich Ludolph Wendland to Switzerland in 1820. By comparing the specimen labels with entries in his diary and travel report, we were able to retrace detailed information on localities and dates, providing historical biodiversity information. Also, the historical identification of these specimens was revised. A list of collectors represented in the Herrenhausen Herbarium is provided, which includes famous names such as Linnaeus and his students Afzelius, Bergius, Ehrhart, Schreber, and Thunberg.
... The specimen at MW belongs to the personal collection of F. Ehrhart, which was owned by Hoffmann who left its part, including sets of the exsiccatae, to the Moscow Branch of the Military Medical-Surgical Academy, from which the collections were transferred to the Moscow University after the Academy was closed in 1842 (Sokoloff & al. 2002). Some specimens of Ehrhart's cryptogams were purchased by the Botanical Museum of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (now the Komarov Botanical Institute) (Karavaev & Barsukova 1968) but the specimen of Lichen "spadochrous" was left in Moscow (Gubanov & Balandina 2000). ...
The name Umbilicaria spodochroa is currently applied to a species with an oceanic distribution in Europe and East Asia. The upper surface of its thallus is grey to dark brown, apothecia are omphalodiscs with prominent central umbilicus-like buttons. Its designated type and other original material are referred to U. hirsuta . Conservation is required to retain this name in current use. The nomenclatural history of U. spodochroa is presented to serve as the background for its conservation. The subgeneric nomenclature of Umbilicaria is revised and one new name ( U. subg. Papillophora ) is proposed to replace the illegitimate U. subg. Gyrophora . The status of many new names published by G. F. Hoffmann in his "Deutschlands Flora" (1796) is discussed and their nomenclatural validity is supported.
... It is a pre-1753 accession in the Linnaean herbarium as part of the collection of the German botanist Traugott Gerber, sent to Linnaeus by his Russian colleague G.A. Demidov (cf. Sokoloff & al., 2002). Although no previous notice was reported by authors dealing with this issue, the specimen LINN 340.4 might be also relevant for typification. ...
Daucus mauritanicus L. was described by Linnaeus on the basis of heterogeneous material belonging to two different species. The current lectotype of the name, Herb. Linnaeus No. 340.2 (LINN), is said to be a synonym of D. carota L. However, a close examination of the plant in that voucher reveals that it corresponds undoubtedly to D. muricatus (L.) L., a species lacking a big, dark crimson flower in the centre of the relatively small umbels, which makes it to be in serious conflict with the protologue. A new lectotype, Herb. Linnaeus No. 340.3 (LINN), is therefore designated from among the original material, which agrees with the validating diagnosis and the traditional concept of the species as conspecific with D. maximus Desf.
... It would have been problematic for Linnaeus to obtain the special permission required to enable foreigners to access the collections. For this reason, Linnaeus had no legal way to receive specimens from Gmelin, but he needed Gmelin's precious plants (Stearn, 1957;Sokoloff & al., 2002). Smuggling Russian collections to Linnaeus involved a certain level of conspiracy, which led him to introduce cryptic designations to denote the origin of these specimens (Jackson, 1922;Stearn, 1957). ...
The protologue of Campanula sibirica included two taxonomically discordant elements. The first element (two illustrations, depicting a plant from Italy) is identifiable as C. dichotoma, and the second element (one specimen from Siberia at LINN, collected by J.G. Gmelin) belongs to C. sibirica subsp. sibirica. Although the specimen was left unannotated by Linnaeus, it is part of the original material because of its morphological characters and provenance; this is confirmed from the correspondence between Linnaeus and Gmelin. This specimen is designated as the lectotype, and this choice supersedes the earlier “lectotypification” (correctable to neotypification) with a specimen at LINN that was sent to Linnaeus by G.A. Scopoli in 1762.
... We also assume that Goldbach's material could be divided into parts: the one was sent to Weinmann in Pavlovsk (now part of Saint Petersburg), and the other was left by Goldbach in his own herbarium in Moscow. Bucholtz is known to be graduated from Moscow University (Parmasto 2010, Pfister 2010 where the main part of Goldbach's herbarium is kept (Bucholtz 1897, Sokoloff et al. 2002. Moreover, Bucholz unequivocally indicated the place of work as 'Moskau, Bot. ...
Glutinoglossum is one of the earth tongue genera with viscid or glutinous ascocarps. Based on morphology and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, nrLSU and tef1 sequence data, seven new species are described: G. circinatum, G. lumbricale, G. orientale, G. peregrinans, G. proliferatum, G. pseudoglutinosum, and G. triseptatum. The lectotypes for Geoglossum glutinosum var. lubricum and for Geoglossum glabrum var. majus as well as the epitype for Glutinoglossum glutinosum are designated. The comprehensive morphological study of G. heptaseptatum resulted in the discovery of ascospores germinating by conidia inside the asci, which is first noted for Glutinoglossum spe
cies. The status of Cibalocoryne is discussed.
... Taxonomic literature was searched for possible type designations and taxonomic evaluations of original elements. For historical details, the Linnaean correspondence online (http://linnaeus.c18.net/) and historical studies on Linnaean publications and collections (Stearn, 1957;Sokoloff & al., 2002;Balandin & al., 2003;Jarvis, 2007) were consulted. ...
... It must have referred to material which was not associated with a publication at the time the protologue was prepared. Linnaeus received "Siberian" specimens from Georg Wilhelm Steller via Prokop Demidoff and Johann Georg Gmelin, and Gmelin also sent his own specimens to Linnaeus before the preparation of the Species plantarum (Stearn, 1957;Sokoloff & al., 2002;Balandin & al., 2003;Jarvis, 2007). From the correspondence between Allioni and Linnaeus (http://linnaeus. ...
Cortusa matthioli was described by Linnaeus from Austria (former Duchies of Austria and Styria) and Siberia (probably vicinities of Lake Baikal). Three specimens and two illustrations are associated with the protologue of this name, referable to C. matthioli subsp. matthioli and C. matthioli subsp. altaica. The specimen Herb. Burser XIII: 155, which was collected on Traunstein Mountain in Austria, is designated as the lectotype. This action preserves the current application of the name and supersedes the previous neotypification based on Herb. Linnaeus 199.1.
... German gardeners, apothecaries, garden architects, pastors, and foresters played a major role in the 18 th and 19 th century Russia in the field of botany, convenience gardening and ornamental horticulture, landscape architecture and forestry. A kind of professionals that spread widely over Russia was gardeners from England and Germany, who found work in St. Petersburg and its environs and even beyond (LOUDON 1827: 61;TRAUTVETTER 1837: 51-54;REGEL 1861;STOLPYANSKIY 1913: 56-77;SOKOLOFF et al. 2002;KÖHLER 2003;ELINA 2006;ANANIEVA 2010;CHEKMAREV 2015, tom 1-3). ...
Kurzfassung: Von Deutschland über Livland nach St. Petersburg: Gärtner Johann Peter Buecks Leben und Werk. Der Beitrag befasst sich mit dem in Hamburg geborenen Gärtner Johann Peter Bueck (1769-1852) in Livland (Estland und Lettland im historischen Kontext) und St. Petersburg. Über sein Leben war bisher nur wenig bekannt, und die wenigen Fakten über ihn wurden falsch interpretiert. Die neuen, bislang nicht erschlossenen Daten offenbaren, dass Bueck zu einem gewissen Zeitpunkt von Hamburg in die Stadt Pernau (Pärnu, im heutigen Estland) um-zog, in der Funktion als Gärtner. Dort verfasste er ein Schriftstück über Wildkräuter, 1799 in Deutschland publiziert, in dem er 16 ursprüngliche, in der Stadt wachsende Pflanzenarten vor-stellte, bei Schloss Ringen (Suure-Rõngu) und anderswo; z. B. Gentiana asclepiadea, Glaux maritima, Plantago maritima und Saxifraga hirculus. Davon waren 13 einheimisch, zwei offen-sichtlich adventiv und eine Art war entweder falsch oder gar nicht bestimmt. Es ist unklar, wann J. P. Bueck in der livländischen Provinz ankam. Nach indirekter Schät-zung könnte er zuerst bei Schloss Ringen (Suure-Rõngu) beschäftigt worden sein. Es war augen-scheinlich in Pernau (Pärnu)
... It is one of the leading centers of documentation and investigation of plant diversity. The history of the collection is about 250 years old, and it is well documented in numerous works, which describe the Herbarium and its particular collections, and in several reviews (Nazarov, 1926;Smirnov, 1940;Pavlov et al., 1978;Sokoloff et al., 2002;Balandin et al., 2003Balandin et al., , 2006. ...
... There are a lot of historical relics in the Herbarium, including extremely valuable historical collection founded by Carl Linnaeus, G.F. Hoffmann, F. Ehrhart, C. Trinius, and J. and G. Forster (Balandin et al., 2001(Balandin et al., , 2006Balandin, , 2003Sokoloff et al., 2002). A great amount of material was collected here by several generations of botanists in the 19th and 20th centuries. ...
In 2015–2016, 785887 specimens were scanned at the Herbarium of Moscow State University (MW), which comprised 77.7% of the total collection. The metadata of the digital herbarium include the identifier (ID) of each specimen, its species name, and geographical reference (area code). As the largest in Russia database with respect to biodiversity, the Herbarium includes 712925 images of specimens of vascular plants and 72962 specimens of bryophytes. The digital herbarium is interrelated with the Catalogue of Life international database and has enriched it with 160 new species. Images of 781882 specimens have been put online as JPG files (the resolution is 300 dpi) on the web portal of the National Depository Bank of Live Systems (https://plant.depo.msu.ru/). The portal is open for all Russian biological collections.
... The identity and fate of this specimen remains unknown; apparently it was not included in the plants sent by Amman to Sir Hans Sloane in London (Dandy 1958: 82). Furthermore it was not illustrated by Amman, then the chair of botany at the Imperial Academy of Sciences (Koroloff 2016) and the assistant director of the Kunstkamera (Sokoloff & al. 2002). It addition, is not among the material sent by Amman to Linnaeus (Jarvis 2007) and seems not to have been cultivated in the botanical garden of the Imperial Academy of Sciences on Vasilevsky Island, St. Petersburg. ...
... The herbarium of Alexander Wilhelm Martini, who had accompanied Gmelin in the years 1740 -1743 in Siberia, kept in the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart, also does not house the respective specimen (Sebald 1983). Gmelin was a correspondent of Linnaeus and sent no less than 29 letters and various herbarium specimens to Uppsala, a transfer that was not without problems (Sokoloff & al. 2002). The latter included material of a few Limonium species, e.g. of L. suffruticosum (L.) Kuntze (Jarvis 2007), but Gmelin's Statice caule nudo ramoso, floribus paniculatis, corollis minimis was not among them. ...
... At least part of this material may have come from Stephan, who is known to have sent specimens to Willdenow (Hiepko 1972). A key figure in Moscow botany, Stephan was professor of chemistry and botany at the Medical-Surgical School in Moscow, scientific director of the Moskovskij Aptekarskij ogorod (the Moscow Apothecary garden), re-established in 1786, and since 1798 also the first director of the extensive private botanical garden of Count Alexey Kirillovich Razumovsky in Gorenki near Moscow (Sokoloff & al. 2002). ...
When Carl Ludwig Willdenow sat down to write the account of Statice for the fourth edition of Linnaeus's Species plantarum (Willdenow 1798), he possessed among others three herbarium specimens that he erroneously regarded as belonging to a single taxon. Later, these were mounted on two herbarium sheets, i.e. B-Willd. 6174/1 carrying specimens 1 and 2 and B-Willd. 6174/2 carrying specimen 3. For these, Willdenow provided the diagnosis “Statice scapo paniculato angulato, foliis oblongo-obovatis emarginatis planis cartilagineo-marginatis subtus mucronatis”, the description “Simillima praecedenti [Statice limonium], sed folia firmiora margine non plicato-undulata, forma eorum obovata, mucro magis dissitus, flores duplo minores magis conferti, et habitus totius scapi diversus, distinctam suadent esse speciem” and attached the name Statice gmelini to them (Willdenow 1798: 1524). Due to a prior lectotypification (Bokhari & Edmondson 1982; see below), only specimens 1 and 2 are relevant in our context. They clearly differ: whereas specimen 1 is a totally glabrous inflorescence, specimen 2 consists of a rosette of leaves and the basal portion of a stem, both possessing hairs, albeit admittedly very few — the stem glochids, the leaves long stiff hairs.
Description — Herbs perennial, 35–50 cm tall, glabrous except on calyces. Leaves obovate-oblong, 7–11 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, margin entire. Inflorescence a panicle-like cyme, congested. Spikes curved, 0.4–1(-2) cm long, with 4–8 spikelets per cm. Spikelets (3.5-)4 mm long, 2(or 3 (-flowered. Outer bract triangular-semicircular, c. 1.5 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide, margin broadly membranous, central part thickened, apex acute. Middle bract elliptic, c. 2 mm long, 1.7–2 mm wide, membranous, with 2 narrow, light brown nerves, apex asymmetrically emarginate. Inner bract orbicular-elliptic, 2.5–2.7 mm long, c. 3 mm wide, margin broadly membranous, central part thickened, apex retuse to emarginate. Calyx obconic, 3–3.5(-4) mm long; calyx tube hairy proximally, nerves ending near base of lobes; calyx lobes triangular-semicircular, c. 0.5 mm long. Corolla lobes bluish purple, obovate, 4–5 mm long.
A final note on the orthography of the epithet “gmelini”, as deliberately chosen by Willdenow in the protologue, seems necessary. Johann Georg Gmelin is known to have latinized his name in his Latin contributions to the Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae (Belkovec 1990), where he appeared as “auctore G. Gmelin.” (in which the second dot abbreviates “Gmelino”). He was known under this variant to his contemporaries, e.g. Amman (see above), while in other publications he used the name Gmelin, e.g. in Flora Sibirica (Gmelin 1747, 1752) and in his travelogue Reise durch Sibirien (Gmelin 1751–1752). After his death the latinized form “Ioannes Georgius Gmelinus” seems to have become more firmly established, e.g. it is found on the mezzotint by Johann Jacob Haid showing Gmelin's portrait, with the print kept, e.g., in the archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg (shelf mark: R. X, op. 1–6, d. 74). Willdenow may well have had the latinized name in mind when coining the name Statice gmelini. The authors therefore refrain from changing the orthography of the epithet to “gmelinii” and in accordance with Recommendation 60C.2 of the ICN regard Gmelinus as an already established latinized form.
... Many researchers who had been educated in the universities of Europe had given a great contribution to studying the flora of Russia, and many plants were preserved in bigger collections and herbaria (Trautvetter, 1837, pp. 1–145; Sokoloff et al., 2002, pp. 129–191). ...
The paper deals with the establishment of the Botanical Garden of the
University of Tartu (Estonia) in 1803 and its further developments in the first half of the
19th century. A decisive role in the establishment of the Botanical Garden was played by
Gottfried Albrecht Germann,the first professor of natural history (botany) at the
university, and by a learned gardener Johann Anton Weinmann. Owing to the scientific
contacts between these two men, species richness in the Botanical Garden increased
rapidly. In 1810, after the collections had been moved to their present location of the
garden in the autumn of 1808, the garden contained 4,586 species. By 1827, the garden’s
species richness had grown to 10,449 taxa and by 1845 – to about 14,000 taxa on
account of the live plants and seeds collected by the subsequent teachers of botany and
leaders of the Botanical Garden – Carl Friedrich von Ledebour, Alexander Georg von
Bunge, Ernst Rudolph Trautvetter and Carl Johann Maximowicz on their expeditions, as
well as with the help of contributions from many other botanists, pharmacists,
collectors, etc. According to the analysed manuscript registration lists of plants and
seeds from the years 1823–1832, 1839–1841 and 1846–1852, the garden received
48,096 accessions from nearly 350 persons and nearly 30 nurseries, with 32 persons
having sent more than 400 accessions. Among the contributors were many then well-known
botanists of Europe.
