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![The Kingdom of Urartu and its neighbors. (A to D) Comparisons of ancestry in four ancestral components [SRB_Iron_Gates_HG, the fifth component of the model of (1) is negligible]. This analysis shows a stark contrast between Armenia and the other populations in terms of Eastern European hunter-gatherer ancestry (B) and between Van and Assyrian Mesopotamia (represented by the site of Nemrik 9 in Iraq) in terms of Levantine ancestry (C). When unlabeled individuals are ordered in increasing Eastern European hunter-gatherer ancestry (E), Assyrian Mesopotamia and Van lack this ancestry (except for an outlier individual from Van), whereas individuals from Armenia mostly have it, and those from Hasanlu have a limited range from zero Eastern European hunter-gatherer ancestry to a maximum level that is less than that seen in Armenia.](profile/Henry-Shephard/publication/363157583/figure/fig2/AS:11431281082202140@1661972983132/The-Kingdom-of-Urartu-and-its-neighbors-A-to-D-Comparisons-of-ancestry-in-four.png)
The Kingdom of Urartu and its neighbors. (A to D) Comparisons of ancestry in four ancestral components [SRB_Iron_Gates_HG, the fifth component of the model of (1) is negligible]. This analysis shows a stark contrast between Armenia and the other populations in terms of Eastern European hunter-gatherer ancestry (B) and between Van and Assyrian Mesopotamia (represented by the site of Nemrik 9 in Iraq) in terms of Levantine ancestry (C). When unlabeled individuals are ordered in increasing Eastern European hunter-gatherer ancestry (E), Assyrian Mesopotamia and Van lack this ancestry (except for an outlier individual from Van), whereas individuals from Armenia mostly have it, and those from Hasanlu have a limited range from zero Eastern European hunter-gatherer ancestry to a maximum level that is less than that seen in Armenia.
Source publication
Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, peo...
Contexts in source publication
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... of the two patrilineal relatives at Pylos (I13518) was almost certainly the offspring of first cousins; we document such close-kin unions not only in elite Mycenaean society but also in different localities of the Bronze Age Southern Arc ( fig. S2) (17), including an individual from Bezdanjača in Croatia (I18717) who was likely the offspring of an uncle-niece pairing. This documents the later persistence of the practice of close-kin matings that had started with the Neolithic (18,19), although whether this is the result of the burials we analyzed being a biased subset of a ...
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... and Iron Ages. The people at the center of this kingdom in the Lake Van region of Turkey (Çavuştepe) and its northern extension in Armenia were strongly connected by material culture and were buried only ~200 km apart, yet they formed distinct genetic clusters with little overlap during the kingdom's early (ninth to eighth centuries BCE) period (Fig. 2). The Van cluster is in continuity with the preUrartian population (~1300 BCE) at neighboring Muradiye also in the Van region and is characterized by more Levantine ancestry and the absence of steppe ancestry. It contrasts with the cluster of Urartian period individuals from Armenia, who have less Levantine and some steppe ancestry, ...
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... we compare (Fig. 2E) the Urartian individuals with their neighbors at Iron Age Hasanlu in Northwestern Iran (~1000 BCE), we observe that the Hasanlu population had some Eastern European hunter-gatherer ancestry but to a lesser degree than their contemporaries in Armenia. The population was also linked to Armenia by the presence of the same R-M12149 Y ...
Citations
... We downloaded individual genotypes 13,21,[25][26][27]29,30,43,48,50, for 1,233,013 sites from Allen Ancient_DNA_resource_(version_v.50.0_ https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/allen-ancient-dna-resource-aadrdownloadable-genotypes-present-day-and-ancient-dna-data) and converted it dataset to plink format 128 using admixtools 129 convertf; we then merged it with the Zlatý kůň 21 and Bacho Kiro 25 genomes (processed from bam file), Gumuz 13 genomes and with individuals sequenced in 94 . We selected good quality aDNA samples relevant to our analyses and included all modern-day populations, limiting the number of individuals to 20 (randomly selected) if more than that was available. ...
A combination of evidence, based on genetic, fossil and archaeological findings, indicates that Homo sapiens spread out of Africa between ~70-60 thousand years ago (kya). However, it appears that once outside of Africa, human populations did not expand across all of Eurasia until ~45 kya. The geographic whereabouts of these early settlers in the timeframe between ~70-60 to 45 kya has been difficult to reconcile. Here we combine genetic evidence and palaeoecological models to infer the geographic location that acted as the Hub for our species during the early phases of colonisation of Eurasia. Leveraging on available genomic evidence we show that populations from the Persian Plateau carry an ancestry component that closely matches the population that settled the Hub outside Africa. With the paleoclimatic data available to date, we built ecological models showing that the Persian Plateau was suitable for human occupation and that it could sustain a larger population compared to other West Asian regions, strengthening this claim.
... v.14.76, April 2019) and using a previously reported method 62 using YFull YTree (v.8.09) phylogeny (https://github.com/YFullTeam/ YTree/blob/master/ytree/tree_8.09.0.json). ...
Before the colonial period, California harboured more language variation than all of Europe, and linguistic and archaeological analyses have led to many hypotheses to explain this diversity¹. We report genome-wide data from 79 ancient individuals from California and 40 ancient individuals from Northern Mexico dating to 7,400–200 years before present (bp). Our analyses document long-term genetic continuity between people living on the Northern Channel Islands of California and the adjacent Santa Barbara mainland coast from 7,400 years bp to modern Chumash groups represented by individuals who lived around 200 years bp. The distinctive genetic lineages that characterize present-day and ancient people from Northwest Mexico increased in frequency in Southern and Central California by 5,200 years bp, providing evidence for northward migrations that are candidates for spreading Uto-Aztecan languages before the dispersal of maize agriculture from Mexico2–4. Individuals from Baja California share more alleles with the earliest individual from Central California in the dataset than with later individuals from Central California, potentially reflecting an earlier linguistic substrate, whose impact on local ancestry was diluted by later migrations from inland regions1,5. After 1,600 years bp, ancient individuals from the Channel Islands lived in communities with effective sizes similar to those in pre-agricultural Caribbean and Patagonia, and smaller than those on the California mainland and in sampled regions of Mexico.
A fragment of a House Model that we discovered during the excavations at Devret Höyük in NorthCentral Anatolia (Amasya, Turkey) is one of the most unusual discoveries in Anatolia. Although the lower half
is broken, it has a very characteristic look with its gable-roofed form and thick gutter decoration. Our
excavation context helped us to date the artifact to the Chalcolithic period. In this article, a piece of the house
model that found as an unusual finding during the excavations at Devret Höyük has presented and its
relationship with other cultures discussed. The Devret house model cannot be a miniature prototype of
architectural structures made of clay, as it does not resemble any of the building types we excavated. No
satisfactory data on its cultic function was found either. It is difficult to explain why a house model fragment
was found in Devret, one of the smallest settlements in North-Central Anatolia. The reason for its presence
here can be sought in indirect associations or migratory movements. Devret is equally remote from Eastern and
Western cultures due to its location, which is why we have kept our perspective very broad. House Models
were found in the greatest number and variety in Southeastern Europe over a long period of time. We compared
the analogy of the Kodjadermen-Gumelnița-Karanovo VI (KGK VI) specimens with Devret and questioned
the possibilities. The context between house models outside Europe, however, is disjointed and does not
provide a composition that allows for a comparison with Devret. The discovery of sophisticated old-world
finds at a small-scale site like Devret in North-Central Anatolia will undoubtedly keep the debate on house
models topical. Only further research and discoveries will clarify this position and serve as a reference for
future reassessment.
Ancient DNA (aDNA) studies have deployed genetic material from archaeological contexts to investigate human dispersals and interactions, corroborating some longstanding hypotheses and revealing new aspects of human history. After drawing the broad genomic strokes of human history, geneticists have discovered the exciting possibilities of applying this method to answer questions on a smaller scale. This review provides an overview of the commonly used methods, both in the laboratory and the analyses, and summarizes the current state of genomic research. It reviews human dispersals across the continents and additionally highlights some studies that integrated genomics to answer questions beyond biology to understand the cultural and societal traits of past societies. By shining a light from multiple angles, we gain a much better understanding of the real shape of the human past.
