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The functionality advancements and novel customer features that are currently found in modern automotive systems require high-bandwidth and low-latency in-vehicle communications, which become even more compelling for autonomous vehicles. In a recent effort to meet these requirements, the IEEE Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) task group has developed...
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... Ethernet success in automotive applications stems from several factors, such as, the higher bandwidth comparing with current in-car networks, the support offered to the Internet Protocol (IP) stack, the IEEE standardization, and the availability of a broad range of datarates for automotive usage [34]. Fig. 3 shows, in chronological order, the published IEEE standards that refer to Ethernet Physical Layers (PHYs) for automotive applications. The supported datarates ...
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Security is a critical challenge in emergent autonomous vehicles. However, the security challenges in automotive systems are not widely understood even in the cybersecurity community. To address this problem, we develop an adaptable exploration platform for automotive security. This platform enables users to gain hands-on experience and insights in...
Citations
... When providing integration solutions that involve TSN, direct implementation using the Integrated Hardware Garbage Collector (IHGC) is recommended. The IHGC is well suited for processes and actions that are in a continuous state of execution and that need to be directly accessible during use [48,49]. ...
... Time intervals are used to prevent cyber attacks on communication components. They ensure that the attacker does not have enough time to carry out the attack, estimate the algorithm, or communicate effectively [49,50]. ...
The procedures used to create modern cars require extensive thought in various relevant scientific domains. Arguably, the most challenging obstacle facing the automobile sector is the management of production facilities by integrating software production lines, continuous integration, and continuous delivery/continuous deployment (CI/CD). All this is determined by market demands, the engine of a vehicle, and the complexity of assembling the entire car and installing its corresponding embedded software. As a result, concerns about various types of global change have grown, as has the lack of the ability to use fossil fuels, creating a substantial impact on the purchase and sale of modern automobiles. The research foundation is reflected in covering strategies for the deployment and administration of software, as well as opportunities for business improvement in particular production processes. This article strives to provide a summary of a scientific investigation of original equipment manufacturers, market segmentation, and the effects of global market changes on automotive manufacturing by examining the correlation between certain changes in the purchase of a specific brand and the powertrain of a vehicle. The research examines numerous datasets from the United States of America and Washington State, based on which we estimate possible future changes in the automotive industry’s sales.
... As the current industrial production becomes intelligent and informatized, the demand for interconnection and interoperability between industrial equipment is increasing, and it is also necessary to continuously develop network technology to meet its needs [1]. Early applications in industrial production transmission protocols are usually specialized protocols, such as TTEthernet [2], EtherCAT, PROFINET [3,4], etc. ...
In the context of Industry 4.0, industrial production equipment needs to communicate through the industrial internet to improve the intelligence of industrial production. This requires the current communication network to have the ability of large-scale equipment access, multiple communication protocols/heterogeneous systems interoperability, and end-to-end deterministic low-latency transmission. Time-sensitive network (TSN), as a new generation of deterministic Ethernet communication technology, is the main development direction of time-critical communication technology applied in industrial environments, and Wi-Fi technology has become the main way of wireless access for users due to its advantages of high portability and mobility. Therefore, accessing WiFi in the TSN is a major development direction of the current industrial internet. In this paper, we model the scheduling problem of TSN and WiFi converged networks and propose a scheme based on a greedy strategy distributed estimation algorithm (GE) to solve the scheduling problem. Compared with the integer linear programming (ILP) algorithm and the Tabu algorithm, the algorithm implemented in this paper outperforms the other algorithms in being able to adapt to a variety of different scenarios and in scheduling optimization efficiency, especially when the amount of traffic to be deployed is large.
... The real-time communication among the vehicle components should be protected against cyber-attacks since the increased connectivity as well as the number of components within a vehicle expose a higher amount of attack surfaces [4,5]. For example, the ability to remotely update the software run by an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) in an in-vehicle communication platform is an example for potential security vulnerabilities [6]. IEEE 802.1 Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) task group aims at establishing the standard specifications for deterministic realtime variants of Ethernet technology. ...
... The increasing number of electronic components within invehicle communication networks in automotive embedded systems along with their increased connectivity with pedestrians and other vehicles widens the surface exposed to cyber-attacks. The conventional in-vehicle networking technologies such as Controller Area Network (CAN) and FlexRay are not designed with security in consideration, and, hence, are characterized by several security vulnerabilities in terms of confidentiality, authentication and availability [6]. CAN is the most widely used technology for in-vehicle communication, designed by Bosch to multiplex communication between ECUs in a vehicle through a bus, and thus to decrease the overall wiring cost [19]. ...
... However, this encryption may cause the end-to-end communication delays of data streams to grow due to the extra processing required by the encrypted data, possibly violating the timing requirements of network applications. Therefore, the overall network traffic can be categorized into security classes with varying priorities such that only the data with the highest priority is encrypted [6]. Furthermore, TSN can be combined with an intrusion detection mechanism, where the features of the incoming traffic can be extracted, and, then, classified to assess the normal behavior of the network by using an initial training phase. ...
Dedicated computers control the operation of Cyber Physical Systems such as in-vehicle architectures with the help of sensors and actuators. Securing the real-time communication technologies for in-vehicle platforms attracts the attention of the research community. IEEE 802.1 Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) task group targets the standardization of Ethernet-based deterministic communication technologies due to its high bandwidth and low cost. IEEE P802.1DG working group specifies the profile for secure and real-time automotive embedded systems relying on TSN, which is envisioned to be widely used in future in-vehicle platforms. In this paper, we present an elaborate review of the research work on the security of in-vehicle communication networks with TSN support, and define various Denial of Service (DoS) attack scenarios targeting the real-time traffic in in-vehicle networks. We evaluate the impact of our attack scenarios on the performance of two different realistic in-vehicle communication networks with varying sizes. Experimental results show that DoS attacks can lead to severe consequences disrupting the healthy operation of safety-critical functions in a TSN-compliant in-vehicle network.
... When proposing integration solutions that include TSN, direct implementations with Integrated Hardware Garbage Collector (IHGC) are suggested. IHGC is well suited for processes and actions that are in a continuous state of execution and that need to be directly accessible during use [45,46]. ...
... Time intervals are being employed to prevent cyber attacks on communication components. They ensure that the attacker does not have enough time to carry out the attack, estimate the algorithm, or communicate effectively [46,47]. ...
The procedures used to create modern cars require extensive thought in various relevant scientific domains. Arguably, the most challenging obstacle facing the automobile sector is managing production facilities by integrating software production lines and CI/CD. All this is determined by market demands, the engine of a vehicle, and the complexity of assembling the entire car and installing its corresponding embedded software. As a result, concerns about various types of global change have grown, as well as the lack of the ability to use fossil fuels, creating a substantial impact on the purchase and sale of modern automobiles. The research foundation is reflected in covering strategies for the deployment and administration of software, as well as opportunities for business improvement in particular production processes. This article strives to provide a summary of a scientific investigation of original equipment manufacturers, market segmentation, and the effects of global market changes on automotive manufacturing by examining the correlation between certain changes in the purchase of a specific brand and the powertrain of a vehicle. The research tries to examine numerous datasets from the United States of America and Washington State, on the basis of which we may estimate possible future changes in the automotive industry’s sales.
... In addition, modeling and simulation technologies are critical in the design phase of E/E architecture, because they can significantly reduce development costs and time. Most research, however, is focusing on the simulation of networking layer, mainly TSN technology [27], lacking discussion of the vehicle function. ...
... Presently, automotive Ethernet supports full-duplex transmission rates ranging from 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, multiple Gbps, to arbitrated transmission of 10 Mbps. This is standardized by IEEE 802.3bw-2015 [64], IEEE 802.3 bp-2016 [64], IEEE 802.3ch-2020 [27], and IEEE 802.3cg-2019 [27,65]. These standards cater to the high bandwidth requirements of next-generation high-performance autonomous vehicles. ...
... Presently, automotive Ethernet supports full-duplex transmission rates ranging from 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, multiple Gbps, to arbitrated transmission of 10 Mbps. This is standardized by IEEE 802.3bw-2015 [64], IEEE 802.3 bp-2016 [64], IEEE 802.3ch-2020 [27], and IEEE 802.3cg-2019 [27,65]. These standards cater to the high bandwidth requirements of next-generation high-performance autonomous vehicles. ...
With the rapid development of autonomous vehicles, more and more functions and computing requirements have led to the continuous centralization in the topology of electrical and electronic (E/E) architectures. While certain Tier1 suppliers, such as BOSCH, have previously proposed a serial roadmap for E/E architecture development, implemented since 2015 with significant contributions to the automotive industry, lingering misconceptions and queries persist in actual engineering processes. Notably, there are concerns regarding the perspective of zone-oriented E/E architectures, characterized by zonal concentration, as successors to domain-oriented E/E architectures, known for functional concentration. Addressing these misconceptions and queries, this study introduces a novel parallel roadmap for E/E architecture development, concurrently evaluating domain-oriented and zone-oriented schemes. Furthermore, the study explores hybrid E/E architectures, amalgamating features from both paradigms. To align with the evolution of E/E architectures, networking technologies must adapt correspondingly. The networking mechanisms pivotal in E/E architecture design are comprehensively discussed. Additionally, the study delves into modeling and verification tools pertinent to E/E architecture topologies. In conclusion, the paper outlines existing challenges and unresolved queries in this domain.
... Hank et al. [9] explained the importance of Ethernet and PHY interfaces that provide scalability and flexibility for next-generation in-vehicle networking. Ashjaei et al. [10] introduced the Ethernet as a high-bandwidth, low-latency data transmission technology for future autonomous vehicles. Law [11] introduced a proposed standard with multi-gigabit optical Ethernet for automobiles. ...
Recently, with the development of automobile technologies such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs), the performance and number of cameras and displays required for a vehicle have significantly increased. Therefore, the need for in-vehicle high-speed data transmission has increased, but there is difficulty in handling the required high-speed data transmission in existing in-vehicle networks. The MIPI A-PHY interface for automobiles has been proposed as a new standard to solve this issue. To ensure data transmission in noisy automotive environments, the A-PHY interface contains an added retransmission (RTS) layer within the new physical layer. In this paper, we propose and design in detail the structure of an RTS layer presented in the standard A-PHY interface. The proposed RTS layer was designed to satisfy the RTS specification of the MIPI A-PHY standard and was verified through simulations. Moreover, the A-PHY SerDes environment was configured in an FPGA using a Xilinx KC705 FPGA development board and an FPGA Mezzanine Card (FMC) loopback module, and RTS layer operation was verified through the process of transmitting video data to the A-Packet. The A-PHY interface with the RTS layer designed on the FPGA uses 3924 LUTs, 2019 registers, and 132 block memories and operates at a maximum speed of 200 MHz. In addition, as a result of designing the A-PHY interface as an ASIC implementation using the Synopsys SAED 28 nm process, the number of logic gates is 25 K, the chip area is 0.40 mm2, and the maximum operating speed is 200 MHz.
... Nowadays, Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN), introduced by the IEEE TSN group 1 , is gaining the momentum by its advanced features to meet the bounded low-latency and high-bandwidth requirements over switched Ethernet. Among those advancements, we can mention the support for clock synchronization, resource reservation for different types of traffic, various traffic shapers, frame preemption, and network management mechanisms [3]. ...
... In light of this, the solutions that use Industry 4.0 technologies are recognized as crucial elements for the effective development of SSCM. The literature has developed a number of models that combine these two concepts (Ching et al., 2022;El Jaouhari et al., 2022), for instance, provided a framework connecting SSCM and Industry 4.0, whereas Alharthi et al. automotive industry focused on specific topics including a survey on critical technologies (Halili, 2020), an intra-vehicular network assessment (Ashjaei et al., 2021), a review on car parking systems and succinct descriptions of limited automotive IoT implementation (Rahim et al., 2021;Turner et al., 2022). This study goes a step further by bringing together a diverse set of automotive IoT networks and integrating them with other research articles, such as important vehicle tracking (Sugumar et al., 2020), accidental position detection (Rahim et al., 2021), vehicle burglary prevention (Sathiyanarayanan et al., 2018), vehicle performance observation (Shao et al., 2019), smart city traffic management (Balakrishna and Thirumaran, 2018), automotive industrial management (Malik et al., 2021) and so on. ...
Purpose - Over the next decade, humanity is going to face big environmental problems, and considering these serious issues, businesses are adopting environmentally responsible practices. To put forward specific measures to achieve a more prosperous environmental future, this study aims to develop an environment-based perspective framework by integrating the Internet of Things (IoT)
technology into a sustainable automotive supply chain (SASC).
Design/methodology/approach - The study presents a conceptual environmental framework - based on 29 factors constituting four stakeholders’ rectifications - that holistically assess the SASC operations as part of the ReSOLVE model utilizing IoT. Then, experts from the SASC, IoT, and sustainability areas participated in two rigorous rounds of a Delphi study to validate the framework.
Findings – The results indicate that the conceptual environmental framework proposed would help companies enhance the connectivity between major IoT tools in SASC, which would help develop congruent strategies for inducing sustainable growth.
Originality/value - This study adds value to existing knowledge on SASC sustainability and digitalization in the context where the SASC is under enormous pressure, competitiveness, and increased variability.
Keywords: Environment Sustainability; Business Strategy; Sustainable Automotive Supply Chain; Internet of Things
... We choose this industry because manufacturing in the automotive sector has historically been susceptible to supply chain disruptions. According to recent studies (Abdel-Basset and Imran, 2020; Ashjaei et al., 2021), just-in-sequence and just-in-time production, as well as mass customization and high levels of outsourcing, are all prevalent in automotive supply networks, making them extremely globalized and complex. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate, from a thorough review of the literature, the role of metaverse-based quality 4.0 (MV-based Q4.0) in achieving manufacturing resilience (MFGRES). Based on a categorization of MV-based Q4.0 enabler technologies and MFGRES antecedents, the paper provides a conceptual framework depicting the relationship between both areas while exploring existing knowledge in current literature.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper is structured as a comprehensive systematic literature review (SLR) at the intersection of MV-based Q4.0 and MFGRES fields. From the Scopus database up to 2023, a final sample of 182 papers is selected based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria that shape the knowledge base of the research.
Findings
In light of the classification of reviewed papers, the findings show that artificial intelligence is especially well-suited to enhancing MFGRES. Transparency and flexibility are the resilience enablers that gain most from the implementation of MV-based Q4.0. Through analysis and synthesis of the literature, the study reveals the lack of an integrated approach combining both MV-based Q4.0 and MFGRES. This is particularly clear during disruptions.
Practical implications
This study has a significant impact on managers and businesses. It also advances knowledge of the importance of MV-based Q4.0 in achieving MFGRES and gaining its full rewards.
Originality/value
This paper makes significant recommendations for academics, particularly those who are interested in the metaverse concept within MFGRES. The study also helps managers by illuminating a key area to concentrate on for the improvement of MFGRES within their organizations. In light of this, future research directions are suggested.
... 2019 [8] 2020 [9] 2021 [10] 2022 [11] 2023 [12] 2023 This paper ...
Stimulated by the increase in user demands and the development of intelligent driving, the automotive industry is pursuing high-bandwidth techniques, low-cost network deployment and deterministic data transmission. Time-sensitive networking (TSN) based on Ethernet provides a possible solution to these targets, which is arousing extensive attention from both academia and industry. We review TSN-related academic research papers published by major academic publishers and analyze research trends in TSN. This paper provides an up-to-date comprehensive survey of TSN-related standards, from the perspective of the physical layer, data link layer, network layer and protocol test. Then we classify intelligent driving products with TSN characteristics. With the consideration of more of the latest specified TSN protocols, we further analyze the minimum complete set of specifications and give the corresponding demo setup for the realization of TSN on automobiles. Open issues to be solved and trends of TSN are identified and analyzed, followed by possible solutions. Therefore, this paper can be an investigating basis and reference of TSN, especially for the TSN on automotive applications.
