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The present paper concerns with the study of impact of merging (TiO2/Cs3Fe2Cl9/MgO) on FTO using the procedure
of drop casting method at temperature (70°C). The structural, optical and morphological characteristics of the (MgO)
nanoparticles were described via X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, and scanning electron
microscopy (S...
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![Figure 2.3: Two-dimensional model into a three-dimensional model [18].](profile/Nagihan-Delibas/publication/362822667/figure/fig2/AS:11431281099330436@1669250951074/Two-dimensional-model-into-a-three-dimensional-model-18_Q320.jpg)
This article reviews mathematical modeling applications in energy conversion and energy storage. In the first section, the primary emphasis is on energy conversion, mainly focusing on solar cells and fuel cells' structure and methods of modeling and prediction of their performances. Modeling of Perovskite solar cell modules is one of the major comp...
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... Due to its excellent light absorption and use in solar cells, perovskite (Cs 3 Fe 2 Cl 9 ) from semiconductors has received a lot of attention. 1 The planar type PSCs are more classified into a pair of bands arranging: (n-i-p and p-i-n) planar. PSCs consist of an energetic perovskite stratum that is sandwiched among the hole-transporting layer (HTL) and electron-transporting layer (ETL). 2 The general chemical formula for perovskite compounds is (A 3 M 2 X 9 ). ...
In this paper, the effect of combining (FTO/TiO 2 /Cs 3 Fe 2 Cl 9 /CuO/Al) in the energy conversion efficiency is studied. It creates a unique series with perovskite (Cs 3 Fe 2 Cl[Formula: see text] serving as its primary source of visible light absorption. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), a UV–Vis spectrophotometer, and scanning electron microscopy, the structural, optical and morphological features of the (CuO, Cs 3 Fe 2 Cl[Formula: see text] nanoparticles were characterized (SEM). To create perovskite solar cells, these materials were effectively synthesized and deposited as thin films, and the efficiency of solar cells in photovoltaic (PV) devices has been verified. When the light intensity is 100 W/m ² , the PV device’s output demonstrates its energy conversion efficiency (PCE = 15.46%).
... This is shown by the phenomenal increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE), which has gone from 3.8% in 2009 to Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research (IJOIR) ICAR 2022 Special Issue over 22% at the present time in only a few short years [4,5,6]. The exceptional performance of metal halide perovskites may be attributed to their unique properties, which include high charge carrier mobilities [7], controlled electron and hole transport [8], high absorption coefficients [9,10,11], direct and adjustable band gaps [12,13,14], and long carrier diffusion lengths [15]. Metal halide perovskite semiconductors are particularly appealing due to the ease with which they can be processed at low temperatures. ...
This study is an emphasis on the metal halide perovskite solar cells that are susceptible to factors that influence their power conversion efficiency (PCE). Perovskite solar cells, also known as PSCs, have been shown to have a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) due to a number of various factors. As they reached a power conversion efficiency of 25%, solar cells based on metal halide perovskite were a game-changer in the quest for photovoltaic performance. A flurry of activity in the fields of structure design, materials chemistry, process engineering, and device physics has helped the solid-state perovskite solar cell to become a leading contender for the next generation of solar energy harvesters in the world today. This follows up on the groundbreaking development of the solid-state perovskite solar cell in 2012. This cell has a higher efficiency compared to commercial silicon or other organic and inorganic solar cells, as well as a lower cost of materials and processes. However, it has the disadvantage that these high efficiencies can only be obtained with lead-based perovskites, which increases the cost of the cell. As a result of this fact, a new study area on lead-free metal halide perovskites was established, and it is now exhibiting a remarkable degree of vibrancy. This provided us with the impetus to review this burgeoning area of research and discuss possible alternative elements according to current theoretical and practical investigations that might be utilized to replace lead in metal halide perovskites as well as the features of the perovskite materials that correspond to these elements.
... (3) and (4)) 6 : ...
... Prior to being deposited, the precursor solution, which consists of equal parts of Nano TiO 2 particles and ethanol in Ultrasonically-°owed Ultrasonic water, is sprayed over pre-heated FTO at 450 C. Left to cool to 50 C, the heated substrates remain. Cs 2 InAgCl 6 precursor solution is drop-casted onto (FTO/TiO 2 ) substrates and annealed at 100 C for the purpose of making a layer of Cs 2 I-nAgCl 6 . 8 After an annealing procedure, the resulting molten Cu 2 O solution was deposited in the form of a drop casting through the Cu 2 O precursor solution. ...
Perovskite-based solar cells include Pb, which is both poisonous and unstable, and resolving this problem will involve discovering other materials that do not contain lead. This study synthesizes a novel series of inorganic lead-free perovskite solar cell sensors using Cs 2 InAgCl 6 as the main visible light absorption component. Studies have been done on the structural and optical characteristics of these materials and their performance has been verified in the photovoltaic (PV) device. These materials were successfully prepared and deposited as thin films to prepare perovskite solar cells. Structural examinations of the prepared materials were performed by XRD analysis, and the optical properties were studied using UV-Vis spectroscopy of the prepared materials. The performance of the PV device shows the energy conversion efficiency (PCE [Formula: see text]%) in the light intensity (100[Formula: see text]W/m ² ).
... The patterns of XRD for the crystalline nature of synthesized CdSe are shown in figure 2. In this figure, the patterns of XRD are similar to those in the reference (JCPDS No. 77-2307) [1]. According the results obtained from the XRD patterns, one can find the rate at which the crystals have grown within the crystalline lattice by using the following equation (1) for Debye-Scherrer formula [10]: ...
The present work is studying the physical properties of Cadmium selenide (CdSe) based on porous silicon(p-PSi) obtained by using A Pulsed Laser Deposition Method (PLD). The structural, optical, and morphological characteristics of nanostructures cadmium selenide (CdSe) that characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and UV-VIS spectrophotometer described the structure, optical features and the morphological properties of (CdSe) nanostructures. The results manifested that the synthesized (CdSe) nanostructures have a spherical shape and an average size within the range of (16.6–37.31), as shown in the (FESEM) image. The estimated optical energy value of (CdSe) nanostructures was (2.4 eV). The test results of the power conversion efficiency of 0.23% and a filling factor of 0.46.
... The patterns of XRD for the crystalline nature of synthesized CdSe are shown in figure 2. In this figure, the patterns of XRD are similar to those in the reference (JCPDS No. 77-2307) [1]. According the results obtained from the XRD patterns, one can find the rate at which the crystals have grown within the crystalline lattice by using the following equation (1) for Debye-Scherrer formula [10]: ...
The present work is studying the physical properties of Cadmium selenide (CdSe) based on porous silicon(p-PSi) obtained by using A Pulsed Laser Deposition Method (PLD). The structural, optical, and morphological characteristics of nanostructures cadmium selenide (CdSe) that characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and UV-VIS spectrophotometer described the structure, optical features and the morphological properties of (CdSe) nanostructures. The results manifested that the synthesized (CdSe) nanostructures have a spherical shape and an average size within the range of (16.6–37.31), as shown in the (FESEM) image. The estimated optical energy value of (CdSe) nanostructures was (2.4 eV). The test results of the power conversion efficiency of 0.23% and a filling factor of 0.46.
Lead-free double perovskites have been regarded as viable, ecologically friendly photovoltaic materials to replace the hybrid lead halide perovskites, due to their great stability and nontoxicity. In this study, a lead-free double perovskite (Cs3Fe2Cl9) thin film as an absorb layer was prepared by a simple chemical process. Then, the lead-free double perovskite solar cell (LFDPVSSC) was fabricated on porous silicon using Cs3Fe2Cl9 film as an absorbent layer. Structural, morphological, and optical properties were investigated via different methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The XRD analysis result proved that the prepared film has a polycrystalline structure with a tetragonal system and a crystallite size around (51 nm). A spherical-like crystal structure as well as other irregular structures were revealed by the FESEM image of the prepared film surface. The absorption spectrum of the double perovskite film was registered via the UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The energy band gap of the Cs3Fe2Cl9 film computed via Tauc’s equation was ~2.73 eV). A conversion efficiency of 0.6% for the LFDPVSSC was achieved.
Objects: The study's purpose was to see if there was a link between netrin.1 and type II diabetes patients. Methodology: The present study carried out on (45) patients affected with diabetes mellitus from (120) persons were examined in the education of Diwaniyah hospital from 6th September to the 4th December 2020. The study includes measurement of the body mass index, fasting blood glucose level, HbA1c, lipid profile and level of netrin-1. Results: Our findings were revealed the netrin-1 level was significantly lower in the diabetes (1205.36±753.09) compared to control group (1477.79±700.26; P < 0.01). Our observations were appeared Significantly higher levels of blood cholesterol, TG, LDL, and VLDL-C and In diabetes individuals, there was a significant drop There was a 0.05 difference in HDL-C levels when compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: These findings indicate that low netrin1 concentration in serum are strongly linked to the occurrence of type II diabetes.
New Nano-composite of biopolymers was prepared for this analysis. The natural bentonite clay group forms Na- Bentonite (Na- BTT), K- Bentonite (K- BTt), and Ca- Bentonite (Ca-Btt) has been modified by the addition of synthesized fatty amide (FACO), namely Corn oil (CO). To achieve the modification the clay particles was mixed thoroughly in an aqueous (FACO) solution which increases the separation of the clay layer from 1.25 to 2.75 nm of BTT, 1.17 to 1.34 nm of BTt and 1.14 to 1.31nm of Btt due to the action exchange capacity of Na- BTT which is much greater than the low cation exchange capacity of K- BTt and Ca-Btt, respectively. The improved Na- BTT was then used in the preparation of poly methyl butadiene (PMB) Nano-composite. The modifiers interaction in the clay layer is described by X-ray diffraction (XRD). A conventional approach was used to synthesize the Nano-composite, in which the modified clay (FACO- BTT) was melt mixed with PMB. To classify the Nano-composite XRD, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Thermogravimetric have been used. The results of XRD and TEM confirmed Nano-composite growth. In contrast to pure PMB, PMB modified BTT Nano-composite showed higher thermal stability. The use of FACO as a vegetable oil derivative to modify clay would minimize reliance on petroleum based surfactants. Moreover, such Nano-composites are considered environmentally friendly in addition to being renewable resources.
SDD bases were used to maintain relaxation of the proposed nickel-metal complexes. The DFT method was used in the Gaussian software package. The results showed that the energy of the ground state of the complexes decreases with increasing number of electrons in the complex. The energy gap for the complexes varied depending on the coordination of the complexes and the subgroups in each complex. The N2 complex is a softer complex compared to the other two. The N1 complex with two amine groups as ligands in the complex appeared as an absorption in the infrared range. The results gave us the idea to propose new nickel-metal complexes with chelating ligands with mixed donors for the catalytic treatment.
An estimate has been made in this research of radon (Rn) concentration level and the annual effective dose in rivulet and river in AL-Kifl District of Babylon Province-Iraq. In this article, a samples of the water from 10 regions have been used and probe it by the electronic radon detector (RAD H2O) to investigate the radon concentration. The highest measured value is about (2.64) Bq•L-1 and the minimum measured rate is about (0.0362) Bq•L-1. The effective dose for human exposure to radon rate was (2.43 Sv·y-1). According to the results of radon (Rn) concentrations and annual effective, it was within permissible and non-dangerous limits in the reign study.
