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... In contrast, female tibiotarsus shaft widths range between 5.3 and 5.9 mm; shaft breadths between 4.3 and 5.4 mm. Thomas, 1983 subregions across Nevada (Hockett, 2009; Table 6 and Fig. 11). These (Table 6). ...
... rockshelter contexts ( Fig. 11; see also Hockett, 2009 Truckee River near Reno (Stoner et al., 2006). Two high-elevation sites 394 (Sudden Shelter and Gatecliff Shelter) and one low-elevation site 395 (Camel's Back Cave) were largely abandoned during this time. ...
... Eastgate Series compared to any other period in Great Basin prehistory 456 ( Fig. 11; Hockett, 2009Hockett, , 2010. Interestingly, however, the communal 457 hunting of artiodactyls may have been less frequent in some places in 458 the Great Basin (Fig. 12) sheep, coyote, bobcat, hare, cottontail), fish, and freshwater mussels 469 (Schmitt, 1986). ...
Bonneville Estates Rockshelter (eastern Nevada) preserves a record of changing hunting patterns from the Paleoindian to the ethnohistoric periods. Diachronic changes in hunting patterns at Bonneville Estates, as well as a host of other cave and open-air sites from the Great Basin are compared with eight broad climatic phases recognized in the Great Basin. Recent studies of large-scale artiodactyl trapping structures and projectile point frequencies present a more complete picture of long-term shifts in hunting strategies in the Great Basin. Overall, there is much variability in the hunting of large and small game through time at individual sites, suggesting that local environmental and social conditions exerted considerable influence in micro and macro scale hunting patterns across the Great Basin. Creating an “average” Great Basin hunter by combining all the data analyzed here suggests limited artiodactyl hunting during the Paleoindian period followed by an upward trend in large game hunting through time. There is no significant drop in artiodactyl hunting intensity at any time over the last 5000 to 6000 years, despite major changes in climate and technology.
... Further supplementing these faunal data are previously published projectile point frequencies per century for approximately two dozen subregions across Nevada (Hockett, 2009; Table 6 and Fig. 11). These data are based on the assumption that projectile points were used primarily to kill artiodactyls, and therefore changing frequencies through time also reflect changing intensities of hunters targeting large prey. ...
... Trends in large game hunting patterns at James Creek Shelter (James) and Camels Back Cave (Camels) based on number of identified artiodactyl specimens recovered per century within each climatic cycle. rockshelter contexts (Fig. 11; see also Hockett, 2009). These data suggest a continuing upward trend in artiodactyl hunting intensity during the Transitional/Early Late Holocene compared to Middle Holocene levels. ...
... 1650-650 cal yr B.P.) was a period of increasing summer rainfall which fostered the expansion of grass and bison (Curry and James, 1982), but these summer rains also increased erosional processes and decreased Great Basin lake levels (Nials, 1999;Grayson, 2011). Artiodactyl hunting intensity during this time must be assessed with a major change in hunting technologythe advent of the bow-and-arrow (Carpenter, 2002;Hockett, 2009Hockett, , 2010Hughes, 2003). Despite the widespread use of bow-and-arrow technology, artiodactyl hunting intensity was varied across the Great Basin. ...
Bonneville Estates Rockshelter (eastern Nevada) preserves a record of changing hunting patterns from the
Paleoindian to the ethnohistoric periods. Diachronic changes in hunting patterns at Bonneville Estates, as well as a host of other cave and open-air sites from the Great Basin are compared with eight broad climatic phases recognized in the Great Basin. Recent studies of large-scale artiodactyl trapping structures and projectile point frequencies present a more complete picture of long-term shifts in hunting strategies in the Great Basin. Overall, there is much variability in the hunting of large and small game through time at individual sites, suggesting that local environmental and social conditions exerted considerable influence in micro and macro scale hunting patterns across the Great Basin. Creating an “average” Great Basin hunter by combining all the data analyzed here suggests limited artiodactyl hunting during the Paleoindian period followed by an upward trend in large game hunting through time. There is no significant drop in artiodactyl hunting intensity at any time over the last 5000 to 6000 years, despite major changes in climate and technology.
The bow more than doubled, likely tripled, the success of individuals bent on killing animal or human targets (Box ). The advent of this revolutionary technology generated different responses in western North America depending on subsistence and sociopolitical organization at the time of its arrival, roughly 2300 - 1300 B.P. Its effect was substantial in California and the Great Basin, particularly on group size, which in many places diminished as a consequence of the bow's reliability. The counter-intuitive result was to increase within group-relatedness enough to encourage intensification of plant resources, previously considered too costly. The bow rose to greatest direct economic importance with the arrival of the horse, and was put to most effective use by former Great Basin groups who maintained the family band system that had developed around intensive Great Basin plant procurement, adapting the same organization to a lifestyle centered on the equestrian pursuit of buffalo and warfare.
