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The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of ZnO NPs after interaction with (100 mg/L) concentrations: (A) Humic acid; (B) Salicylic acid; (C) Citric acid solution at pH 7.
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Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are among the most widely used engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in various commercial sectors to achieve both social and economic benefits. The post-use release of these NPs to the environment is inevitable, and may pose threat to the human and eco-system. In the present study, we investigated the influence of sing...
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... theory describes that the settling velocity of spherical particles is proportional to the square of the particle diameter and it sinks through a liquid column under the influence of gravity. The first-order kinetic equation as suggested in [21] given Equations (3) and (4) were obtained owing to the identical behavior of data presented in ( Figure S3)with R 2 = 0.9909. ...
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... peaks in the range ~1400-950 cm −1 are ascribed to the enrichment of aliphatic- or carbohydrate-OH functional groups [35]. In comparison with the pristine ZnO ( Figure S2C), ZnO- NOM complexes ( Figure 3A-C) show a new peak with little shift in the carboxylate (-COO-) asymmetric and symmetric stretch at ~1646, 1633 and 1639 cm −1 respectively, thus confirming the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of ZnO NPs [46,47]. Among various functional groups of humic acid and salicylic acid, carboxylic (-COO-) and phenolic (-ArO-), amine groups have strong potential for chelation with metal ions [39,46]. ...
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... metal complexion may further facilitate more crystal planes and surface defects to the humic acid and promote dissolution of ZnO NPs. Interestingly, the citric acid sample shows a significant shift of 83 cm −1 i.e., 1722 to 1639 cm −1 in carboxylate (-COO-) group ( Figure 3C), indicating strong inner sphere complexation with the ZnO surface [38,42]. In addition, the strong adsorption may be either via polynuclear-polydentate linkage or mononuclear-polydentate linkage between citrate and ZnO, thus resulting in weakened bonds in the metal-oxygen surface due to polarization [48,49]. ...
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... UV-Vis spectra of ZnO NP (100 mg/L) in pure water by full-wave scanning; (B) Standard calibration curve of ZnO NPs concentration; Figure S2. (A)Effect of ultrasonic time (5-40 min) and ultrasonic power (100-600 W) on suspension stability of ZnO NPs (100 mg/L); (B) Zeta potential of ZnO NPs suspension (mean ± SD, n = 3) at different pH; (C) FTIR spectrum of ZnO NPs; Figure S3. Fit of the sedimentation data to Stokes equation. ...
Citations
... Nanoparticles (NPs) in the aquatic matrix have been reported in various past studies. [8][9][10][11] The chances of interaction of nanoparticles in the aquatic ecosystem with algae-bacteria consortia are very high. This interaction may affect the growth of algae and/or bacteria, therefore NPs may also pose toxicity to algae-bacteria consortia resulting in the alteration of wastewater treatment efficiency, biofuel production, biomass production, removal efficiency, etc. ...
The present study investigated the effect of single as well as mixture of nanoparticles (ZnO and CuO NPs) on algae-bacteria consortia using the OECD 96-h toxicity test, one of the first efforts as per the authors’ knowledge. Scenedesmus obliquus (microalgae) and bacteria (Escherichia coli) were used as test organisms in OECD media. Effects of the different concentrations of NPs (0, 0.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L, and 100 mg/L) on 3 algae-bacteria ratios (1:1, 1:100 and 100:1) were studied using parameters, such as chlorophyll content, biomass, lipid, protein content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) components. At environmentally relevant NP concentration (0.1 mg/L), the order of toxicity of NPs to algae-bacteria consortia was found to be: CuO NPs (highest toxicity)>ZnO+CuO NPs>ZnO NPs (least toxicity). At 100 mg/L NP concentration, structural changes and cell leakage in the samples containing NPs with algae-bacteria consortia were observed during TEM analysis. FTIR (Fourier Transform infra-red) analysis indicated the addition of bonds and a difference in the peak location and its intensity values. The corresponding metal ions (Zn and Cu ions) resulted in higher toxicity to algae-bacteria consortia than that from metal oxide NPs. When nanoparticles were interacting in the algae-bacteria consortia in the suspension, it was observed that by absorption and dissolution, nanoparticles would enter inside the algal and bacterial cell simultaneously, altering the surface charge of the cell membrane. Due to the formation of EPS, some of the nanoparticles would not be able to enter the cell cytoplasm but would interact with the EPS. ROS generation would be taking place extracellular as well as intracellular due to the interaction of nanoparticles. Overall, the mixture of NPs at environmentally relevant concentrations (<1mg/L) poses lesser toxicity to algae-bacteria consortia than individual nanoparticles. Further work is required to understand the effect on the functioning of algae-bacteria consortia so that a mixture of NPs containing wastewater can be used for sustaining algae-bacteria consortia for wastewater treatment.
... Information on the toxicity of MNMs under different environmental conditions in aquatic ecosystems is important for the future development of nanotechnology (Bernhardt et al., 2010). Discrepancies in the toxicological response of MNMs were mainly related to environmental factors including pH, temperature, and medium composition (Khan et al., 2018;Wu et al., 2019). ...
Metallic nanomaterials (MNMs) possess unique properties that have led to their widespread application in fields such as electronics and medicine. However, concerns about their interactions with environmental factors and potential toxicity to aquatic life have emerged. There is growing evidence suggesting MNMs can have detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems, and are potential for bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the food chain, posing risks to higher trophic levels and potentially humans. While many studies have focused on the general ecotoxicity of MNMs, fewer have delved into their trophic transfer within aquatic food chains. This review highlights the ecotoxicological effects of MNMs on aquatic systems via waterborne exposure or dietary exposure, emphasizing their accumulation and transformation across the food web. Biomagnification factor (BMF), the ratio of the contaminant concentration in predator to that in prey, was used to evaluate the biomagnification due to the complex nature of aquatic food chains. However, most current studies have BMF values of less than 1 indicating no biomagnification. Factors influencing MNM toxicity in aquatic environments include nanomaterial properties, ion variations, light, dissolved oxygen, and pH. The multifaceted interactions of these variables with MNM toxicity remain to be fully elucidated. We conclude with recommendations for future research directions to mitigate the adverse effects of MNMs in aquatic ecosystems and advocate for a cautious approach to the production and application of MNMs.
... After completion of the experiment, the aliquots were collected below 2 cm for the analysis of nZnO concentration, ζ-potential, and hydrodynamic diameter (HDD). The concentration of nZnO NPs in collected sample was measured using an Optizen UV-Vis spectrophotometer at wavelength of 370 nm as reported in earlier studies [29]. A control experiment was also performed without any coagulant (0 mg/L) to determine the efficacy of the coagulant and interaction of nZnO with PACl coagulant. ...
... The divalent cations such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ due to their larger outer valance size efficiently compressed the electrical double layer (EDL) near the colloid surface than monovalent ions (i.e., NaCl, KCl). This may also be attributed to the effective charge screening and reduced Debye length [29]. The increased removal of (above 98%) was observed in waters (SGW and SSW) containing the divalent cations. ...
... The synthetic coating might enhance the interaction between DOM surface, thereby reducing the attachment of chain segment into the suspension, and then promoting agglomeration [25]. Subsequently, the lower removal of DMSA-coated nZnO NPs in synthetic waters than in waters containing only DOM might be due to the chelation of DMSA and metal ions, i.e., Ca 2+ or Mg 2+ , thereby reducing the available active site for bridging [29]. These results are supported by the substantially larger size aggregates observed in SGW ( Figure 5C), which contains more Ca 2+ content than the other three waters. ...
Increased usage of nano-zinc oxide (nZnO) in different commercial fields has raised serious concerns regarding their discharge into the water streams containing natural and synthetic coating agents. Moreover, utilization of ground and surface water for drinking purposes is a common approach in many countries. Therefore, the removal of nZnO particles from water is essential to minimize the risk to the environment. The present research investigated the removal of nZnO from complex water matrices by conventional coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (C/F/S) process using polyaluminum chloride (PACl) as coagulants. The result showed that removal of uncoated nZnO through sedimentation was efficient in waters containing divalent cations in the absence of dissolved organic matter (DOM). For the water containing higher salt concentration, PACl coagulant showed better removal performance with increasing coagulant dosage; however, synthetic organic coating agent and DOM significantly decreased the removal up to 75%. The surface potential of studied waters indicated that the addition of PACl affects the charge potential of nZnO particles resulting in charge neutralization. The result of the particle size analyzer revealed the presence of smaller particles with size of 430 nm even after C/F/S process, which may increase the possibility of particles release into aquatic environment. The results of the present study may help in understating the removal behavior of other coated nanoparticles during conventional water treatment.
... Interaction with organic species and biomodification Photochemical reaction Redox Aggregation [14][15][16][17][18] [ [19][20][21] [19,22] [ 15,16,18,21,23,24] ZnO Sulfidation Phosphitization Interaction with organic species and biomodification Photochemical Aggregation Dissolution [25][26][27][28][29] [27,28,30,31] [14, [32][33][34][35] [10,34] [32,33,36,37] [ [29][30][31]36] CuO Redox Dissolution Sulfidation Interaction with organic species and biomodification [38,39] [ [40][41][42][43][44][45] [ 38,40] [ 39,42,[45][46][47][48] Interaction with organic species and biomodification Photochemical reaction Redox Aggregation [14][15][16][17][18] [ [19][20][21] [19,22] [ 15,16,18,21,23,24] ZnO Sulfidation Phosphitization Interaction with organic species and biomodification Photochemical Aggregation Dissolution [25][26][27][28][29] [27,28,30,31] [14, [32][33][34][35] [10,34] [32,33,36,37] [ [29][30][31]36] CuO Redox Dissolution Sulfidation Interaction with organic species and biomodification Aggregation [38,39] [ [40][41][42][43][44][45] ...
... Interaction with organic species and biomodification Photochemical reaction Redox Aggregation [14][15][16][17][18] [ [19][20][21] [19,22] [ 15,16,18,21,23,24] ZnO Sulfidation Phosphitization Interaction with organic species and biomodification Photochemical Aggregation Dissolution [25][26][27][28][29] [27,28,30,31] [14, [32][33][34][35] [10,34] [32,33,36,37] [ [29][30][31]36] CuO Redox Dissolution Sulfidation Interaction with organic species and biomodification [38,39] [ [40][41][42][43][44][45] [ 38,40] [ 39,42,[45][46][47][48] Interaction with organic species and biomodification Photochemical reaction Redox Aggregation [14][15][16][17][18] [ [19][20][21] [19,22] [ 15,16,18,21,23,24] ZnO Sulfidation Phosphitization Interaction with organic species and biomodification Photochemical Aggregation Dissolution [25][26][27][28][29] [27,28,30,31] [14, [32][33][34][35] [10,34] [32,33,36,37] [ [29][30][31]36] CuO Redox Dissolution Sulfidation Interaction with organic species and biomodification Aggregation [38,39] [ [40][41][42][43][44][45] ...
... Interaction with organic species and biomodification Photochemical reaction Redox Aggregation [14][15][16][17][18] [ [19][20][21] [19,22] [ 15,16,18,21,23,24] ZnO Sulfidation Phosphitization Interaction with organic species and biomodification Photochemical Aggregation Dissolution [25][26][27][28][29] [27,28,30,31] [14, [32][33][34][35] [10,34] [32,33,36,37] [ [29][30][31]36] CuO Redox Dissolution Sulfidation Interaction with organic species and biomodification [38,39] [ [40][41][42][43][44][45] [ 38,40] [ 39,42,[45][46][47][48] Interaction with organic species and biomodification Photochemical reaction Redox Aggregation [14][15][16][17][18] [ [19][20][21] [19,22] [ 15,16,18,21,23,24] ZnO Sulfidation Phosphitization Interaction with organic species and biomodification Photochemical Aggregation Dissolution [25][26][27][28][29] [27,28,30,31] [14, [32][33][34][35] [10,34] [32,33,36,37] [ [29][30][31]36] CuO Redox Dissolution Sulfidation Interaction with organic species and biomodification Aggregation [38,39] [ [40][41][42][43][44][45] ...
Once released into the environment, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) undergo complex interactions and transformations that determine their fate, exposure concentration, form, and likely impact on biota. Transformations are physical, chemical, or biological changes that occur to the ENM or the ENM coating. Over time, these transformations have an impact on their behaviour and properties. The interactions and transformations of ENMs in the environment depend on their pristine physical and chemical characteristics and the environmental or biological compartment into which they are released. The uniqueness of each ENM property or lifecycle results in a great deal of complexity. Even small changes may have a significant impact on their potential transformations. This review outlines the key influences and outcomes of ENM evolution pathways in aquatic environments and provides an assessment of potential environmental transformations, focusing on key chemical, physical, and biological processes. By obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the potential environmental transformations that nanomaterials can undergo, more realistic models of their probable environmental behaviour and potential impact can be developed. This will, in turn, be crucial in supporting regulatory bodies in their efforts to develop environmental policy in the field of nanotechnology.
... The bands present at the 1632-1571 cm -1 range correspond to the carboxylate (-COO-) asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations, which signifies ZnO-CA complexes were obtained. Other bands were noted at 1410 cm -1 and 1386 cm -1 , suggesting the ZnO particles were enriched with aliphatic-or carbohydrate-OH functionalities [36]. The aforementioned bands showed increasing intensity with the rising temperature of synthesis, which may imply that the higher temperature more strongly contributed to the incorporation of citric acid into the structure of ZnO. ...
... The bands present at the 1632-1571 cm −1 range correspond to the carboxylate (-COO-) asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations, which signifies ZnO-CA complexes were obtained. Other bands were noted at 1410 cm −1 and 1386 cm −1 , suggesting the ZnO particles were enriched with aliphatic-or carbohydrate-OH functionalities [36]. The aforementioned bands showed increasing intensity with the rising temperature of synthesis, which may imply that the higher temperature more strongly contributed to the incorporation of citric acid into the structure of ZnO. ...
Zinc oxide, as a widely used material in optics, electronics, and medicine, requires a complete overview of different conditions for facile and easily reproducible syntheses. Two types of optimization of ZnO hydrothermal preparation from zinc acetate and sodium hydroxide solution are presented, which allowed for obtaining miscellaneous morphologies of materials. The first was a temperature-controlled synthesis from 100 to 200 °C, using citric acid as a capping agent. The formation of hexagonal rods at the lowest temperature was evidenced, which agglomerated to flower-like structures at 110 and 120 °C. It was followed by transformation to flake-like roses at 160 °C, up to disordered structures composed of nanosized plates (>180 °C). The transformations were generated through a temperature change, which had an impact on the diffusion effect of hydroxide and citrate complexes. The second optimization was the hydrothermal synthesis free of organic additives and it included only a pH variation from 7.5 to 13.5. It was found that by utilizing a slow-dropping process and varying amounts of NaOH solutions, it is possible to obtain well-formed hexagonal pellets at pH 8.0–8.5. Strongly basic conditions of pH 11.0 and 13.5 impeded superstructure formations, giving small elongated particles of ZnO. All samples were characterized by high phase purity and crystallinity, with a specific surface area of 18–37 m2/g, whereas particle size distribution indicated a predominance of small particles (<1 μm).
... A wide variety of nanomaterials including titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and silver nanoparticles (NPs) are produced in large quantities as a result of increasing demand. Inevitably, their concentrations in natural environment have been increasing due to environmental releases during their production, use, and disposal (Biswas and Wu 2005;Klaine et al. 2008;Khan et al. 2018). Besides their benefits, nanoparticles pose a serious hazard both for natural biota and human health due to their unpredictable fate in natural environment particularly in aquatic habitats which plays a role as an ultimate sink for several environmental pollutants (Shvedova et al. 2010;Nassouhi et al. 2018). ...
... SEM preparation technique which involves drying of the samples might lead to great surface tension among particles and thus might have led to formation of large aggregates. According to the current knowledge, the size-dependent properties of the NPs in aqueous media are quite complicated and depends on NP concentration and physical characteristics (Thwala et al. 2016) and several physico-chemical and biological factors of the aqueous media (Beegam et al. 2016;Khan et al. 2018). Since MeO NPs are exposed to a number of dynamic and reversible (i.e., agglomeration and deagglomeration) transformations in aqueous media which could possibly effect their bioavailability, absorption, adsorption, sedimentation, persistence, and toxicity (Walter 2013;Su et al. 2019;Peng et al. 2019), care should be taken on the characterization of each fraction. ...
Several aquatic plant species have been proposed for phytoremediation of waters polluted with
16 heavy metals and pesticides According to the limited information available, aquatic
17 macrophytes also have a promising potential to remove NPs from aqueous media. Although
18 there is considerable information on the remediation potential of Lemna spp., the capacity of
19 Lemna trisulca seems to be neglected, particularly for nanoparticle removal. Therefore, in the
20 current study we aimed to investigate the removal efficiency of L. trisulca exposed to 3 different
21 ZnO NP concentrations (2.5, 5, and 10 ppm) for 1, 4 and 7 days in Hoagland solutions and the
22 removal percentage were measured on each duration and compared among groups. The
23 accumulated zinc levels were measured in whole plant material and bioconcentration factors
24 were calculated for each group. In addition, the effect of ZnO NPs on the photosynthetic activity
25 of the plant was evaluated via analyzing the photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll a and b)
26 concentration. The removal percentage ranged between 9.3 and 72.9% and showed a gradual
27 increase in all experimental groups based both on dose and test duration. The statistical
28 comparisons of the removal percentage among the groups with or without the plant indicate
that L. trisulca had a significant effect on removal rates particularly between 1st and 4th 29 days of
exposure, however, did not show any progress at 7th 30 days. The only significant difference for
chl-a and chl-b levels was observed in 10 ppm ZnO NP exposed plants at 7th 31 days
... In an aquatic matrix, nanoparticles (NPs) have been reported in many studies in the past [10][11][12][13]. There exists a chance of interaction of NPs with algae and bacteria in an aquatic environment, such as freshwater bodies, algal ponds, etc. NPs may affect the growth of algae or/ and bacteria which are discussed in detail (Supporting Information Table S1 and S2, respectively). ...
Due to the extensive use of nanoparticles (NPs) in various fields since the last decade, the concentration of nanoparticles in the water bodies has increased immensely. In the aquatic environment, algae-bacteria symbiotic relationship is present and useful to ensure the basic functioning of the aquatic ecosystem. There is a high possibility of toxicity of NPs to algae-bacteria consortium. In the past, several studies have been conducted to see the effect of nanoparticles toxicity on algae and bacteria individually, however, synthesized information on the effect of the interaction of nanoparticles on the co-culture system of algae-bacteria consortium is not easily available. This review gives the compilation of all the studies done in the past which have shown the benefits of algae-bacteria consortia but lacks the data related to the toxicity of nanoparticles. Based on currently available information, five possibilities of interaction of NPs with algae-bacteria in a co-culture system were discussed, and three hypotheses were made. The first possibility addresses the interaction mechanism among algae and NPs only where NPs do not give toxicity to bacteria. The second possibility proposes the interaction of bacteria with NPs only and no interaction of NPs with algae. The final possibility indicates the interaction of NPs with algae and bacteria simultaneously, a realistic condition in a co-culture system. The limitation of this study is the lack of experimental data available on the mechanism of nanoparticles interaction with algae-bacteria in a co-culture system.
... The absorption bands at 1381 cm −1 attributed to the symmetric stretching vibration of CH3, COO -,while the band appearing at 1254 cm −1 corresponded to the C-O anti-symmetric stretching [41]. In addition, few peaks were found at 1257, 1151 and 934 cm −1 owing to the stretching of C-OH (phenolic), C-O and carboxylic acid groups [42]. However, the peaks at 883 and 542 cm −1 were ascribed to the bending vibration of the Fe-OH-Fe and Cu-O bond stretching, respectively. ...
The widespread usage of nano-copper oxide particles (nano-CuO) in several industrial products and applications raises concerns about their release into water bodies. Thus, their elimination from drinking water is essential to reduce the risk to human health. This work investigated the removal of nano-CuO from pure water and montmorillonite clay (MC) suspensions using poly aluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) as well as cationic polyacrylamide (PAM) by the coagulation-floc-culation-sedimentation (C/F/S) process. Moreover, the PAFC and PAFC/PAM flocculation performance for various nano-CuO particles concentrations, dosages, pH, settling times and stirring speeds were also investigated. The findings showed that the removal of nano-CuO and turbidity in MC suspension were higher as compared to pure water. Moreover, the combined effect of PAFC/PAM on the elimination of nano-CuO and turbidity was also substantially better than the individual use of PAFC or PAM. The efficient removal of CuO was observed in the solution containing higher mass concentration in the order (10 mg/L > 2.5 mg/L > 1 mg/L) with an increased coagulant dose. The improved removal performance of nano-CuO was observed in a pH range of 7-11 under various water matrices. The C/F/S conditions of nano-CuO were further optimized by the Box-Behnken statistical experiment design and response surface methodology. The PAFC/PAM dose resulted in the maximum removal of nano-CuO (10 mg/L) in both pure water (>97%) and MC suspension (>99%). The results of particle monitoring and Fourier transform infrared of composite flocs revealed that the main removal mechanism of nano-CuO may be the combined effect of neu-tralization, complexation as well as adsorption.
... The high toxicity of ZnO-NPs along with their increasing production is a big question concerning its adverse effects on environment and living organism. 570 tons/year was the estimated global production of ZnO-NPs in 2010, which is expected to continue to increase up to 1600-58,000 tons/year by 2020 (Khan et al. 2018). Gottschalk et al. (2009) reported that in the surface water of Europe, the approximate concentration of ZnO-NPs was 0.01 μg L −1 and 0.432 μg L −1 in sewage treatment plant effluents. ...
Nanotechnology gives immense worth in various fields through the distinctive features of nanoparticles (NPs). One of the most important applications of the nanotechnology is in the field of plant science that provides beneficial effects to plants and soil by functioning as fertilizer to enhance plant growth and productivity, antimicrobial for disease management and biosensors to monitor soil quality and plant health. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) emerge as a potential tool to plant science giving promising aspects for better plant growth and yield, which is one of the most important solutions for the explosive world population. However, it also caused various detrimental effects in plant at high dose and duration that vary with different plants as well as with the size and shape of ZnO-NPs. Extensive research has been done to overcome the antagonist effect of ZnO-NPs, where low dose and duration of exposure are found to be beneficial in plants. Also, functionalization serves an effective method to provide stability to the NPs thereby reducing the harmful impact of ZnO-NPs in plant with the simultaneous enhancement of efficacy. Therefore, this review attempts to illustrate the uptake, distribution and the effects of ZnO-NPs in plant physiology. Furthermore, the promising aspect of ZnO-NPs in plant is also discussed, while summing up the significance of functionalized Zn-NPs in plant. This review updates the status of ZnO-NPs in plant, thereby drawing attention for renovating plant science and achieving sustainability by utilizing ZnO-NPs in the right way.
... The Taguchi-DOE robustification aspect involves the tuning of the product/process performance in terms of: (1) central tendency (mean response) and (2) variability (signal-to-noise ratio [SNR] response). There are several successful applications of the classical Taguchi methods to organize improvement experiments in wastewater treatment [29][30][31][32][33]. ...
The efficiency improvement of wastewater recycling has been prioritized by ‘Goal 6’ of the United Nations Sustainable Development initiative. A methodology is developed to synchronously profile multiple water-quality indices of a wastewater electrodialysis (ED) process. The non-linear multifactorial screener is exclusively synthesized by assembling proper R-based statistical freeware routines. In sync with current trends, the new methodology promotes convenient, open and rapid implementation. The new proposal unites the ‘small-and-fast’ data-sampling features of the fractional multifactorial designs to the downsizing, by microclustering, of the multiple water quality indices—using optimized silhouette-based classification. The non-linear multifactorial profiling process is catalyzed by the ‘ordinalization’ of the regular nominal nature of the resulting optimum clusters. A bump chart screening virtually eliminates weak performances. A follow-up application of the ordinal regression succeeds in assigning statistical significance to the resultant factorial potency. The rank-learning aptitude of the new profiler is tested and confirmed on recently published wastewater ED-datasets. The small ED-datasets attest to the usefulness to convert limited data in real world applications, wherever there is a necessity to improve the quality status of water for agricultural irrigation in arid areas. The predictions have been compared with other techniques and found to be agreeable.
