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Globally, research is an important activity in any educational and industrial establishment. In education, research provides the opportunity for knowledge discovery as well as important solutions to scientific problems. In order to make research an important gateway to education, tertiary institutions have to employ innovative strategies and proced...
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... in this process include: (i) researching previous studies and current data to pose a question or hypothesis for current research, (ii) designing a research "algorithm" or "protocol" to answer the question, or proving/disproving the hypothesis or research question and (iii) executing the research to create reproducible results. As illustrated in Fig. 2, the four stages of CS research methods include: Observation: the act of identifying, noting and recognizing a fact or occurrence. Hypothesis: A tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test/evaluate its logic of empirical consequences. Testing/Evaluation: The procedure of evaluating the performance of proposed ...
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Electrocatalysis is a promising pathway for the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2), as CO2 molecules can be electrochemically reduced to useful chemicals, such as carbon monoxide (CO), formic acid (HCOOH) and methane (CH4) amongst others by the application of electrical energy driven by renewable energy sources under ambient conditions. Although current electrolytic cells have been reported to attain reasonable Faradaic efficiency and current density for a desired product i.e., >90% selectivity, this technology is still not economically viable. Large-scale electrochemical reduction of CO2 to chemicals requires carefully engineered robust electrocatalysts and electrochemical systems that simultaneously exhibit high current density, energetic efficiency, low over-potentials and product selectivity. Accordingly, this review describes recent approaches adopted to engineer nanostructured electrocatalytic materials for efficient mass transport of reactants and products, high conductivity and activity for electrochemical CO2 reduction into value-added chemicals or intermediates.
Increased access to modern energy services is vital for social and economic development. Energy access is perhaps the single factor that has meant the most to the development of modern societies and their citizens. It can transform lives and communities by providing opportunities for business and employment, education and improved health services. Access to modern energy services is one of the basic preconditions for economic and social development and thus an important requirement for poverty reduction. Yet 1.3 billion people today, one in five people on earth, do not have access to electricity. Modern energy availability and consumption rate is an economic index to measure the development of any nation. In Nigeria, access to reliable and stable supply of electricity is a major challenge for both the urban and rural dwellers. The challenge, however, is more significant in the rural areas and communities where only about 10% of the population have access to electricity. This challenge has adversely affected the economic and social development of the populace. This really necessitates the need for decentralized power source as a viable alternative to which development of small hydro power (SHP) schemes readily fits in. Nigeria is endowed with enormous small hydropower potential that needs to be harnessed. The country had the potentials of over 278 dispersed small hydro sites capable of generating electric power of about 734.3MW out of which only 30MW has been harnessed in 2005, and the potential as at 2011 is estimated to reach 3,500MW, signifying 23% of the country's entire hydropower potential. Despite this huge potential which is enough to meet the electricity needs of the country, only a small fraction has been exploited. This paper has reviewed the Nigeria energy situation, identifies potential sites of SHPs and how small hydropower fits in as the solution to the country sustainable energy challenge. Issues of small hydropower resource availability, technology, environment and climate change have been also discussed. The paper concludes that small hydropower as a renewable environmentally friendly energy source; its development is a very important step in the reduction of CO2 emissions in the country.
