Figure - available from: Optical and Quantum Electronics
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Source publication
In this article, a Quasi D-Shape dual core Photonic Crystal Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance sensor is offered and numerically analyzed. The offered model is established comprising of circular air holes having an external sensing polishing layer coated with gold (Au) in order to ensure simple and straightforward design. The performance parameters ar...
Citations
... Therefore, choosing wavelength sensitivity as the standard for performance optimization is more reasonable. The wavelength sensitivity is defined as the ratio of the resonance wavelength difference to the refractive index difference of adjacent analytes, as shown in Eq. (7) [35]: ...
Spurred by the continuous development of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology, optical fiber sensors based on SPR have become a research hotspot. Although single-mode fibers (SMFs) are simple and easy to manufacture, the sensitivity is quite poor. On the other hand, even though photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) and anti-resonant fibers (ARFs) can achieve high-sensitivity detection and the wavelength sensitivity is tens of times that of SMFs, they are complex and difficult to produce. Herein, an SPR refractive index sensor composed of micro-nano optical fibers (MNFs) is designed to detect analytes in the refractive index range between 1.33 and 1.43. Analysis by the finite element method (FEM) reveals that the maximum wavelength sensitivity is 49,000 nm/RIU. The SPR sensor boasting a simple structure, low cost, and high wavelength sensitivity has enormous potential in applications such as chemical analysis, environmental monitoring, and other fields.
... Similarly, Hossani et al. in 2020 presented a quasi D-shaped PCF structure, i.e., side-polished PCF structure, for sensing analytes with high RI ranging from 1.42 to 1.46. They have reported a maximum sensitivity of 15,000 nm/RIU with a resolution of 6.67 × 10 − 6 RIU [12]. Recently, in 2021, Wang et al. reported a side-polished PCF structure with a shifted core region and a trapeziumshaped analyte holding channel coated with ITO. ...
In this paper, we propose a novel side polished PCF-based SPR sensor with shifted core region employing gold as a plasmonic layer for sensing analytes of refractive index ranging from 1.33 to 1.39. For the ease of plasmonic excitation, we shift the core region towards the edge of the polished cladding. Upon optimizing the sensor structure by varying the geometrical parameters for the sensing range of 1.33–1.39, the proposed PCF sensor structure exhibits a maximum wavelength sensitivity of 24,200 nm/RIU with the resolution of 4.13 × 10−6 RIU. Also, this sensor exhibits a maximum amplitude sensitivity of 432 RIU−1 with a resolution of 2.3 × 10−6 RIU. The proposed sensor exhibits linearity with the R2 value of 0.98791 for the refractive index ranging between 1.33 and 1.39. Furthermore, we carry out perturbation analysis to ensure that the proposed sensor withstands the fabrication tolerance. Therefore, the proposed sensor holds good as a potential contender for sensing in chemical and biological applications.
... They have detected analytes with RI varying from 1.00 to 1.43RIU and obtained a maximum WS of 6300nm∕RIU. Hossain et al. [28] presented a Au coated Quasi D-shaped PCFSPR sensor for analyzing liquid analytes with RI varying from 1.42 to 1.46RIU. Their sensors have obtained WS of 15, 000nm∕RIU and AS of 230RIU −1 . ...
This article presents a intermingle of refractive index (\(RI)\) sensing and spectroscopy for household oil monitoring. A spectroscopy sensing setup is shown to investigate transmission (%) and absorbance (\(AU\)) from household oil samples. Five different oil samples, olive oil, kerosene oil, red palm oil, turpentine oil, and mineral oil, are analyzed from the developed setup. The transmission (%) obtained for olive, kerosene, red palm, turpentine, and mineral oil is \(75.65\), \(72.10\), \(69.68\), \(67.12,\) and \(66.41,\) respectively. The absorbance (\(AU\)) for olive oil, kerosene oil, red palm oil, turpentine oil, and mineral oil is \(1.21 AU\), \(1.42 AU\), \(1.58 AU\), \(1.64 AU\), and \(1.77 AU\) respectively. Later a plasmonic refractive index (\(RI\)) sensor is designed and presented for household monitoring based on a \(RI\) variation. The \(RI\) range of household oils is \(1.44-1.48 RIU\) and investigated at an interval of \(0.005.\) The wavelength sensitivity (\(WS\)) obtained from the sensor model for \(X-pol.\) and \(Y-pol.\) are \(24000 nm/RIU\) and \(20000 nm/RIU,\) respectively. The amplitude sensitivity \((AS)\) of the sensor is \(21580 {RIU}^{-1}\) and \(18470 {RIU}^{-1}\) corresponding to \(X-pol\). and \(Y-pol.\) respectively. The sensor resolution (\(SR\)) of order \({10}^{-6}\) is obtained concerning both polarization modes. The figure of merit (\(FOM\)) of the sensor model is \(187.50 {RIU}^{-1}\) and \(216.21 {RIU}^{-1}\) corresponding to \(X-pol.\) and \(Y-pol.\) respectively. Finally, the novel link between the spectroscopy and \(RI\) sensing parameters is explored and presented in this article.
... Consequently, it is essential to propose a sensor that works in a wider RI range of analyte [18][19][20]. So far, a variety of types of PCF-SPR sensors have been proposed and simulated, such as D-shaped, dual-core shaped, and open-slit shaped PCF [21][22][23][24]. Compared with the above structures, the ring-core PCF structure enhances the directional power transmission between the guided mode and the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) mode. ...
Spurred by the rapid development of fiber optic sensing technology, photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensors based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) have received widespread attention. However, they can only detect a narrow range, and the coating process is complex. Herein, a wide-range SPR sensor is designed. It consists of a ring-core PCF filled with plasmonic materials. Compared to the process of depositing a coating inside the air hole, the analyte and gold nanowires fill our PCF, thus simplifying the manufacturing complexity. The ring-core structure enhances the directional power transmission between the guided mode and the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) mode. The sensor is numerically analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). The results show that the PCF-SPR sensor has a wavelength sensitivity and amplitude sensitivity of 40,000 nm/RIU and 2141 RIU−1, and the resolution is 2.5 × 10−6 RIU−1 for the detection range of 1.13–1.45. The high-sensitivity sensor boasting a wide refractive index detection range performs better than conventional solid-core PCF-SPR sensors, boding well for biochemical sensing.
... The honeycomb cladding of PCF offers rich channels for the liquid analyte and high structure degrees of freedom for optimizing the properties of guiding modes. Therefore, the SPR-based PCFs, such as one-hole or multiple-hole coated metal PCF [18], dual-core PCF [19], H-shaped PCF [20], D-shaped PCF [21] and specific-arranged PCF [22] are reported intensively for RI sensing with a sensitivity of >10000 nm/RIU. However, the metal (like Au, Ag, Al, etc.) deposition into the wall of certain hole requires sophisticated technique due to the micro-level size of the air hole arrays. ...
In this paper, an ultra-high sensitive plasmonic sensor is theoretically proposed for refractive index based on D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with graphene-coated Ag-grating in mid-infrared region. Surface plasmon polariton at the metal/dielectric interface can be effectively excited by the fundamental guiding mode, leading to the surrounding medium-dependent loss spectrum. This metallic-grating PCF sensor exhibits a maximum sensitivity of 18612 nm/RIU with a detection resolution of 4.16 × 10−6 RIU in the index range from 1.33 to 1.395. Dependences of loss spectrum on the PCF parameters (air hole diameter and lattice constant) and the grating structure (grating thickness, period and width) are systematically analyzed. Moreover, the influence of the material parameters on the sensor performance is also investigated in term of graphene-layer number and the thickness of Ag layer. The compact design not only has great potentials in the applications of liquid detection, but also offers a guidance in the engineering of the metallic-grating fiber sensor.
... Hossain, Md. Biplob offered a Quasi D-Shape dual core Photonic Crystal Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance sensor, with maximum amplitude sensitivity of 230 RIU −1 and wavelength sensitivity of 15,000 nm/RIU [28] In this paper, a high-sensitivity D-shaped dual-core PCF surface plasmon resonance (DD-PCF-SPR) sensor using gold as the outer surface plasmon material is studied. It can reliably quantify the change in temperature in a specific medium. ...
This paper presents and numerically analyzes a refractive index sensor based on side-polished D-shaped two-channel photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The effects of pore duty ratio, polishing depth, and thickness of a Nano-Titania sensitizing layer on sensor performance are studied, and the sensor performance is analyzed and optimized. The results show that the sensitivity of the Nano-Titania sensitized sensor can reach 3392.86 nm/RIU and temperature sensitivity of the sensor is increased to 1.320 nm/K, and the amplitude sensitivity of the unsensitized sensor can reach 376.76 RIU−1. In addition, the influence of titanium dioxide layer on the mode field diameter of PCF fiber core is also studied. It is found out that the sensor with a 50 nm thick titanium dioxide film has a larger mode fiber diameter, and is more conducive to coupling with single-mode fiber. Our detailed results contribute to the understanding of SPR phenomena in hexagonal PCF and facilitate the implementation and application of SPR-PCF sensors.
... Similarly, Liu et al reported a balanced dual D-shaped PCF-SPR sensor with enriched sensitivity of 14 660 nm RIU −1 [26]. Currently, Hossain et al designed a quasi-D-shaped PCF-SPR sensor having a high sensitivity of 15 000 nm RIU −1 and amplitude sensitivity of 230 RIU −1 [27]. ...
Recently, unique structure fiber enacts a significant role in sensing applications. A novel D-shaped negative curvature fiber based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is proposed. The design consists of negative curvature solid core fiber surrounded by a cladding composed of double-layer adjoined airholes. An outside layer of the cladding contains semi-circular airholes, and the interior layer has small circular air holes to overwhelm the higher-order modes. The external sensing approach detects changes in the refractive index between 1.33 and 1.37. Employing gold as a plasmonic material, SPR is developed on top of the photonic crystal fiber (PCF). Between the gold layer and the PCF, a small layer of titanium dioxide is placed for binding the plasmonic material to the fiber. And it acts as an adhesive layer. The finite element method is used to perform numerical analyses. After improving the structural parameters, an enhanced sensitivity of 26 000 nm RIU −1 is achieved. Because of its enhanced sensitivity, this sensor is used in a bio-medical application to detect and prevent diseases in the early stage.
... [8] Moreover, a variety of multi-core optical fiber sensors including dual-core sensors are also proposed. [9][10][11][12][13] For example, Paul reported a dual-core sensor that can achieve a sensitivity of up to 9000 nm/RIU. [14] With the rapid development of clinical diagnosis, drug screening and environmental monitor-ing, the traditional single parameter SPR sensor cannot satisfy the demands of multi-parameter detection applications. ...
The optical control ability of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is a distinctive property suitable for improving sensing and plasma performance. This article proposes a dual-core D-channel PCF sensor that can detect two samples simultaneously, which effectively solves the problems of coating difficulty and low wavelength sensitivity. The PCF has four layers of air holes, which dramatically reduces the optical fiber loss and is more conducive to the application of sensors in actual production. In addition, by introducing dual cores on the upper and lower sides of the central air hole, reducing the spacing between the core and the gold nanolayer, a stronger evanescent field can be generated in the cladding air hole. The optical fiber sensor can detect the refractive index of two samples simultaneously with a maximum sensitivity of 21300 nm/RIU. To the best of our knowledge, the sensitivity achieved in this work is the highest sensitivity with the dual sample synchronous detection sensors. The detection range of the refraction index is 1.35-1.41, and the resolution of the sensor is 4.695×10 ⁻⁶ . Overall, the sensor will be suitable for medical detection, organic chemical sensing, analyte detection, and other fields.
... The inset in Fig. 10(a) shows the electric field pattern of the y-polarized fundamental SPP mode. At the phase matching point, the plot of the real part of the spp0 mode crosses that of the fundamental core mode [55]. The resonance condition is discovered to be established by the spp0 mode as shown in Fig. 10(b). ...
This paper presents a new fractal cladding PCF-based plasmonic sensor for refractive index (RI), temperature, and magnetic field using a single-polarization, single-peak scanning technique. A layer of gold (Au) is sputtered on the outer circular surface of the PCF for direct RI sensing. One-half of the outermost air holes are filled with a temperature-sensitive fluid, and the other half with a magnetic-field-sensitive liquid. An in-depth analysis and numerical examination of the coupling behavior and sensing features are presented by the finite element method (FEM). In the infrared wavelength interval from 1.40 µm to 1.80 µm, the RI sensing benchmarks in the 1.40–1.46 range indicate a maximum wavelength sensitivity of 3000 nm/RIU and a maximum amplitude sensitivity of 362.67 /RIU. The wavelength resolution associated with RI is 3.33 × 10⁻⁵ RIU. The benchmarks for temperature sensing show maximum values of amplitude sensitivity, wavelength sensitivity, and resolution of 24.46/°C, − 1.2 nm/°C, and 8.33 × 10–2/°C respectively, from 0 °C to 75 °C. Finally, the magnetic field sensing benchmarks show 103.52/Oe, 0.67 nm/Oe, and 1.0 × 10⁻⁴ Oe as maximum values for amplitude sensitivity, wavelength sensitivity, and resolution, respectively, in the range of 5–200 Oe. The proposed fractal cladding PCF-based plasmonic sensor can potentially be deployed as a lab-on-a-PCF for a variety of applications, including hyperthermia monitoring, medical and chemical sample analysis, biomolecular engineering, climatology, magnetocardiography, and magnetomyography.
... Since, the prism coupler-based method not only needs larger structure size but also has less sensitivity , the PCF fiber based method is widely utilized. The PCF-SPR configuration is consisted a circular glass fiber with distributed air hole inside the fiber (Hossain et al. 2020b). The functionality of the air hole is to behave as low-density medium for light energy. ...
... In most of the fabrication designs, the background of PCF core is filled by fused silica because of its high sensitivity capability at low operating temperature . The noble plasmonic material selection is a crucial object for improving sensing performance , therefore, the researchers have used several materials such as gold, silver, titanium di-oxide (TiO2), aluminum etc. (Hossain et al. 2020b) for their modeling. Though silver (Ag) has very high resonance peak, it is not suitable in outside detecting approach because of exhibiting chemical instability and rapid oxidation (Szunerits et al. 2013). ...
... Though silver (Ag) has very high resonance peak, it is not suitable in outside detecting approach because of exhibiting chemical instability and rapid oxidation (Szunerits et al. 2013). On the other hand, gold is utilized typically due to its highly chemically stable in nature and good adhesive property (Hossain et al. 2020b). Beside the advantages of external coating film, the addition of such film causes extra fabrication cost. ...
In this paper, a novel microstructure photonic crystal fiber (MC-PCF)-surface plasmon resonance sensor is presented and developed using the finite element method with perfectly matched layer boundary condition. The sensor performance in terms of wavelength sensitivity (WS), amplitude sensitivity (AS), and figure of merit (FoM) is quantitatively examined using an external sensing technique with an optimal thickness of 40 nm of chemically stable gold. Finer mesh analysis is also used for modal analysis. At this optimized gold thickness, the highest recorded WS of 92,000 nm per RIU and AS of 1080 per RIU at a detecting range of 1.33–1.38 RIU are obtained. Within this detecting range, the sensor also has a strong linear fit and a FoM of 348.15 per RIU, respectively. Because of its high sensitivity and FoM, the suggested sensor might be a viable competitor in detecting the analyte refractive index. Finally, to demonstrate the performance capability of our proposed sensor, all performance parameters were compared to previously published studies.
