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A novel polymer in the form of a thiolated derivative of natural tamarind seed polysaccharide or xyloglucan was synthesized and its chacteristics as a mucoadhesive polymer were studied as a part of the study undertaken herein. The synthetic route followed involves a two-step reaction mechanism of firstly oxidizing xyloglucan and then further conjug...
Citations
... The peaks for the (C-O-C) stretching vibration of the cyclic ether were observed at 1074.35 cm − 1 and 943.19 cm − 1 . These peaks observed for RXG in the FTIR spectra are consistent with those reported by Madgulkar et al. and Kawasaki et al.[41,42] ...
In the current work, triamcinolone acetonide (TAA) loaded dual responsive in situ gelling system was designed and optimized using reacted tamarind seed xyloglucan (RXG) (thermoresponsive) and kappa-Carrageenan (κ-CRG) (ion-sensitive) polymers. Tamarind seed xyloglucan (TSX) was subjected to purification followed by enzymatic treatment to produce RXG with ~40 % reduction in galactose content compared to TSX. RXG was characterized using size exclusion chromatography, Fourier transform infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to confirm the ~40 % reduction in galactoside content compared to TSX. The proportions of RXG and κ-CRG in the in situ gels (TAA loaded RXG-κ-CRG) were optimized based on their rheological properties. The optimized in situ gel exhibited good flow properties at 25 °C, but transformed rapidly into a stronger gel in the presence of STF at 35 °C. The optimized formulation had strong mucoadhesion with good spreadability on the surface of excised goat cornea. The drug release followed zero-order kinetics from the optimized in situ gel. Ex vivo ocular toxicity studies indicate that the optimized formulation is well tolerated. The ocular pharmacokinetic studies in rabbits showed significantly higher and sustained vitreous humor exposure of TAA for optimized in situ gel compared to hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin based aqueous suspension of TAA.
... The precipitates were redissolved in deionized water, freeze dried and stored at −20°C. 19 All experiments were duplicated. The final extraction yield of XyG was calculated as the quotient of the content of dried TKP extracts and the mass of TKP. ...
... The WE technique was used with slight adjustments. 19,20 After removing protein and fat, TKP was mixed evenly at the ratio of material to liquid of 1: 30 (w/v) and then continuously stirred in a water bath (DZKW-4; Beijing Zhongxing Weiye Instrument Co., Ltd, Beijing, China) at 80°C for 1.8 × 10 3 s. ...
BACKGROUND
Water extraction (WE) is the classical extraction method for tamarind xyloglucan (XyG), but its low yield, high viscosity and poor dispersion in aqueous solution are not conducive to the industrial applications. To promote the industrial application of tamarind XyG, an ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (UAE) method for extracting low‐viscosity XyG from tamarind kernel powder was proposed.
RESULTS
The yield of UAE‐XyG was higher (502.33 ± 0.036 g kg⁻¹) than that of WE‐XyG (163.43 ± 0.085 g kg⁻¹). UAE reduced the molecular weight, monosaccharide content and apparent viscosity of XyG. The hypoglycemic experiment in vitro showed that UAE‐XyG had a stronger inhibitory effect on α‐amylase activity than WE‐XyG, but its glucose dialysis retardation index was lower.
CONCLUSION
In sum, UAE is a type of extraction method that could effectively improve the yield of XyG and reduce its viscosity to expand its application without reducing its physiological activity. UAE exhibits an excellent potential in the extraction of XyG. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
... The bioadhesion of XG is increased via functionalization with thiol groups [76,77]. Thiolization enhances the mucoadhesion of a polymer 2-140-fold. ...
... A thiol derivative of native tamarind XG was synthesized and its mucoadhesivity was studied. Thiolization was performed using a twostep chemical process consisting of oxidation followed by conjugation with L-cysteine via an imine linkage [77]. The mucoadhesive properties were evaluated via measurements using ex vivo bioadhesion to fresh ovine intestinal mucosa. ...
The present paper reviews the self-aggregation, gel-forming and adsorption properties of xyloglucan (XG), and its main applications as a medical device for wound dressings, mucosal protection and ocular lubrication, as well as its uses as an excipient. XG is a branched polysaccharide composed of a central backbone of D-glucose units linked by β(1→4)-glycosidic bonds, decorated with D-xylose units through α(1→6) glycosidic bonds, and with some D-galactose units anchored to these D-xylose units via β(1→2) bonds. XG forms self-aggregates with a hierarchically ordered morphology in aqueous solutions, leading to the formation of nanofibers. Consequently, XG is a hydrogel-forming polymer able to retain large amounts of water. Inside the human digestive tract, XG is enzymatically degalactosylated, but the backbone with xylose side chains remains stable until excretion. Degalactosylated XG undergoes a fully reversible sol–gel transition, forming hydrogels between upper and lower critical temperatures. XG adsorbs on intestinal mucosa and creates a diffusion barrier that reduces permeability and also prevents bacterial infections by reducing their infiltration. Therefore, orally administered XG is considered a mucosa protectant.
... Xyloglucan is a storage polysaccharide widely found in primary cell walls and cotyledons of leguminous seeds (Santos et al., 2019). Xyloglucan consists of the main chain of β-D-1,4 glucopyranosyl units, which are partly substituted by α-D-1,6-xylopyranosyl side chains and further replaced by residual β-D-1,2 galactopyranosyl units in certain cases (Madgulkar, Bhalekar, Asgaonkar, & Dikpati, 2016). Xyloglucan possess several distinct properties such as broad pH tolerance, non-toxicity, high viscosity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. ...
... Xyloglucan possess several distinct properties such as broad pH tolerance, non-toxicity, high viscosity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Therefore, it has been widely used in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, drug delivery, and tissue engineering applications Madgulkar et al., 2016). Xyloglucan extracted from Tamarindus indica has also been used to prepare biodegradable films with glycerol (Santos et al., 2019) and sesame seed oil . ...
... The XG resembles a flake-like structure with an irregular size. A similar structure was reported for the xyloglucan extracted from tamarind kernel powder (Madgulkar et al., 2016). The X-ray diffractograms of JSS and XG are shown in Fig. 1 (c and d). ...
Agricultural by-products such as jackfruit seed starch (JSS) and tamarind kernel xyloglucan (XG) were extracted, characterized, and utilized to develop biodegradable food packaging materials. JSS/XG nanocomposite films were prepared by reinforcing with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs). The blending of JSS with XG reduces the hydrophilicity of the composite films and improves the material strength. The rheological tests indicate that ZNPs incorporation improved the apparent viscosity and dynamic moduli of the film-forming solutions. The ZNPs-loaded nanocomposites showed enhanced UV and water vapor barrier properties. The addition of ZNPs effectively transferred the stress to the interface and increased the mechanical properties. The stress relaxation study shows that ZNPs-incorporated films exhibited better resistance to stress relaxation and polymer chain breakage. The FTIR spectra revealed the formation of non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding between polymers and nanoparticles. The XRD results demonstrate that ZNPs incorporation increased the crystallinity of the nanocomposites. The SEM micrographs showed an increase in surface roughness and aggregates with the increase in ZNPs concentration. The increased glass transition and melting temperatures in the ZNPs-loaded films indicate enhanced thermal stability. The nanocomposite films demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The prepared formulations were used to coat tomato fruits, which resulted in delayed quality loss and extended shelf-life. Therefore, the prepared JSS/XG/ZNPs nanocomposites are promising eco-friendly packaging materials that could be used to extend the shelf-life of food products.
... The swelling abilities of the PA-S/Alg buccal patch could be attributed to the presence of additional sulfhydryl (-SH) and carboxyl (-COOH) groups [60]. While the difference between the swelling values of the thiolated and non-thiolated product was quite high in Madgulkar However, the strong covalent bonds formed between the sulfhydryl groups, which were formed by thiolation, and the mucus glycoproteins improved mucoadhesion [61,62]. Fig. 4-b illustrated the hydrolytic degradation of the P/Alg and PA-S/Alg buccal patches. ...
A recent approach for buccal mucoadhesive system is the production of thiolated polymers via thiomer. In this study, pectin was grafted with acrylic acid before the thiolation by L-cystein and it was characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, and TGA. Following that, modified/unmodified pectin and alginate patches were successfully fabricated by a casting method, and they were characterized by FTIR and TGA. The modified pectin/alginate patches had a higher swelling ratio than that of unmodified pectin/alginate patches. Moreover, ex-vivo mucoadhesion studies of modified pectin/alginate buccal patch was 0.11 ± 0.033 N which meant that mucoadhesion on buccal mucosa was improved as compared to unmodified pectin/alginate buccal patch. The triamcinolone acetonide release capacity of the modified pectin/alginate and unmodified pectin/alginate patches in pH 6.8 was found to be 32.6 and 28.5 mg/g, respectively. The drug release kinetic data best fitted with Korsmeyer-Peppas model for both buccal patches. To cell culture studies, drug loaded, and unloaded buccal patches had no cytotoxicity against L929 cell line. According to our results modified pectin/alginate buccal patch can be used as a promising alternative for buccal mucoadhesive drug release systems.
... Future investigations will expand on our hypothesis that XG protects stem cells and thereby supports the healing regenerative processes by evaluating methods to optimize bioadhesion of XG, including synthesis and use of XG derivatives. 39,40 Future investigations will also be needed to test whether there are other potential confounding effects of intra-rectal therapies, such as changes to the local microbiome. This mouse model of UC is also limited in the nonhomogeneous left-sided distribution predominance of intra-rectal administration and the time-dependent manifestations of DSS toxicity. ...
Background
The pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases remains poorly understood and treatment remains suboptimal for many patients. We hypothesize that the inflammatory milieu secondarily prolongs the injury and attenuates healing. We propose primary or adjuvant therapy with biocompatible adhesives to restore a barrier to protect submucosal structures, particularly stem cells.
Methods
We used the well-described mouse dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model of colitis resembling human ulcerative colitis to test the therapeutic efficacy of intrarectal administration of the tamarind plant-derived xyloglucan (TXG) polymer adhesive which underwent extensive analytic characterization. Mice in control, DSS-only, TXG-only, and DSS + TXG groups were studied for gross (weight, blood in stool, length of colon) and multiple histologic parameters.
Results
Compared to DSS-only mice, TXG prevented the weight loss, occurrence of blood in the stool and colon shortening, with all those parameters not being statistically different from treatment naïve animals. Histologically, there was dramatic and highly statistically significant reduction in the total inflammatory index and protection from goblet cell loss, cellular infiltration, crypt abscess formation, epithelial erosion, granulation tissue, epithelial hyperplasia crypt irregularity and crypt loss. The TXG purity and characterization were established by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and texture analysis.
Conclusion
The striking attenuation of disease severity by intrarectal TXG use warrants future investigations of natural bioadhesives with well-established high safety profiles, and which could potentially be derivatized to include therapeutically active moieties for local drug delivery.
... Goat nasal mucosa was procured from a local slaughter-house (Nayagaon, Chandigarh). The mucosa was washed with normal saline solution to remove adherent connective tissues and stored in simulated nasal fluid (SNF), pH 6.5, till tested for its mucoadhesive strength, for at least 12 h, as per a method reported previously [55,56] on TA-XT plus Texture Analyser (Stable Micro Systems, Godalming, UK) in an adhesive test mode. ...
Ferulic acid (FA) is a ubiquitous natural plant bioactive with distinctive promise in neurodegenerative disorders. However, its therapeutic efficacy gets compromised owing to its poor aqueous solubility, inadequate permeability across lipophilic barriers, and extensive first-pass metabolism. The current studies, therefore, were undertaken to systematically develop chitosan-coated solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) using QbD paradigms for improved efficacy of FA in the management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). SLNs of FA were formulated employing Compritol as lipid and polysorbate 80 as surfactant and optimised using a 3² Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimized formulation, surface-coated with chitosan using ionic gelation, exhibited particle size of 185 nm, entrapment efficiency of 51.2 % and zeta potential of 12.4 mV. FTIR and DSC studies verified the compatibility of FA with formulation excipients, PXRD construed significant loss of drug crystallinity, while FESEM depicted existence of uniform spherical nanoparticles with little aggregation. Notable improvement in ex vivo mucoadhesion and permeation studies using goat nasal mucosa, coupled with extension in in vitro drug release, was obtained with SLNs. Substantial improvement with SLNs in cognitive ability through the reduction in escape latency time during behavioural studies, together with significant improvement in various biochemical parameters and body weight gain was observed in AD-induced rats. Histopathological images of different rat organs showed no perceptible change(s) in tissue morphology. Overall, these preclinical findings successfully demonstrate improved anti-AD efficacy, superior nasal mucoadhesion and permeation, extended drug release, improved patient compliance potential, safety and robustness of the developed lipidic nanoconstructs of FA through intranasal route.
... Hemicelluloses targeted with polyclonal antibodies also show high levels of labeling in epidermal transfer cells of V. faba (Vaughn et al. 2007). The location of xyloglucans in the sporophyte wall ingrowths and intergenerational zone of M. polymorpha, the latter location is consistent with the muco-adhesive nature of these hemicelluloses (Madgulkar et al. 2016) ( Table 3). The differential pattern of labeling of xyloglucans differs from gametophyte and sporophyte vegetative cell walls that evenly label with the LM15 MAb (Fig. S1a). ...
To further knowledge on cell wall composition in early land plants, we localized cell wall constituents in placental cells of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in the transmission electron microscope and histochemical staining. The placenta of M. polymorpha is similar to the majority of bryophytes in that both generations contain transfer cells with extensive wall ingrowths. Although the four major cell wall polymers, i.e., cellulose, pectins, hemicelluloses, and arabinogalactan proteins, are present, there are variations in the richness and specificity across generations. An abundance of homogalacturonan pectins in all placental cell walls is consistent with maintaining cell wall permeability and an acidic apoplastic pH necessary for solute transport. Although similar in ultrastructure, transfer cell walls on the sporophyte side in M. polymorpha are enriched with xyloglucans and diverse AGPs not detected on the gametophyte side of the placenta. Gametophyte wall ingrowths are more uniform in polymer composition. Lastly, extensins and callose are not components of transfer cell walls of M. polymorpha, which deviates from studies on transfer cells in other plants. The difference in polymer localizations in transfer cell walls between generations is consistent with directional movement from gametophyte to sporophyte in this liverwort.
... XyG has the ability to form a mucosal barrier (Piqué et al., 2018). The mucoadhesive properties of XyG are mainly related to the presence of xylose and galactoxylose in the poly/oligosaccharide (Kumar, Garg, Sarma, Rath, & Goyal, 2015;Madgulkar, Bhalekar, Asgaonkar, & Dikpati, 2016). The protective function of XyG on intestinal barrier includes protection of the immune barrier, mechanical barrier, biological barrier, and chemical barrier (Ajovalasit et al., 2018;Picone et al., 2019). ...
... SEM of a) Xyloglucan and b) Thiolated xyloglucan[38]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier Ltd. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences xxx (2017) xxx-xxx ...
... Thiol moieties of chitosan and route of administration.Fig. 2.Structures of thiolated xyloglucan[38]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier Ltd. ...
