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A novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based gold-coated photonic crystal fber (PCF) biosensor is proposed herein for
the detection of oil adulteration. The overall performance is studied using full three-dimensional (3D) simulations based
on the fnite-diference method on a mesh of 221,209 elements in COMSOL Multiphysics software, considering adul...
Citations
... The surface plasmon wave is a special electromagnetic wave propagating on the metal surface bounded by the interaction between the incident light wave and the free electrons freely excited in the metal, which is also known as Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) [3][4][5] . In recent years, the SPR effect has been widely studied and applied in sensing for medical diagnostics [6] , environmental monitoring [7] and biochemical research [8] due to its advantages of high sensitivity [9] , real-time [10] and label-free monitoring [11] . Conventional SPR based plasmonic sensors uses a prism coupling structure, which possess some undesirable drawbacks including bulky in size and need an additional optomechanical equipment which can be eliminated by introducing optical fiber-based SPR sensors [12][13][14][15] . ...
A photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor comprises two sensing channels for magnetic field and temperature measurements is proposed. In order to make the SPR detection of magnetic field and temperature effectively, the two sensing channels of the proposed sensor are embedded with gold nanowires and filled with Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and magnetic fluid (MF), respectively. Additionally, this configuration simplifies the fabrication process and eliminate some problems when plasmonic material is deposited in inner or outer surface of PCF. The performance of the sensor is numerically investigated by the finite element method (FEM). The optimal structural parameters have been determined by analyzing the loss curves and energy of the y-polarized code mode ultimately. Furthermore, the sensitivity is not particularly sensitive to the sizes of the cladding air holes, indicating high fault tolerance. The simulation results reveal the maximum magnetic field sensitivity is 238.4 pm/Oe at the magnetic field of 30–300 Oe, and temperature sensitivity is -1043.6 pm/°C at the temperature of -20-40°C. Given its low fabrication complexity and extensive detection range, this PCF-SPR sensor has potential applications in geological exploration, marine environment monitoring and other fields, especially suitable for detection of magnetic signals in low temperature environment.
... Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technology has dominated the area of biosensing for decades as it can detect in real-time, and the detection process is level-free [2]. On the other hand, a plasmonic sensor is an analytical device that is particularly sensitive to the refractive index (RI) of surrounding medium and operates by inducing SPR [3,4]. As a result, scientists have extensively used the plasmonic sensor in disparate fields, e.g., bioimaging, glucose monitoring, environmental monitoring, chemical detection, fuel adulteration, and biomolecule discovery [3][4][5][6][7][8]. ...
... On the other hand, a plasmonic sensor is an analytical device that is particularly sensitive to the refractive index (RI) of surrounding medium and operates by inducing SPR [3,4]. As a result, scientists have extensively used the plasmonic sensor in disparate fields, e.g., bioimaging, glucose monitoring, environmental monitoring, chemical detection, fuel adulteration, and biomolecule discovery [3][4][5][6][7][8]. SPR is an optical phenomenon observed when the frequency of a p-polarized incident photon and the frequency of free electrons from plasmonic materials interact [9]. ...
In this research, a simple dual-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) that leverages surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to operate as a bio-sensor in the visible to near-infrared range is proposed. An external analyte channel is constructed by putting a gold plasmonic metal layer over the fiber sensor. A numerical investigation employing the wavelength interrogation approach reveals that the maximal wavelength and amplitude sensitivity are 22000 nm/RIU and 1561.4 RIU-1, respectively. The high wavelength resolution for this suggested sensor is 4.54 × 10⁻⁶ RIU, and that suggests a high detection range. The proposed sensor is designed for the detection of any molecules from the RI range 1.33 to 1.42, and it can detect six different types of cancerous cells (the refractive index of different cancerous cells varied from 1.380 to 1.401) in this range. According to the obtained numerical results, MCF-7 cells exhibit the highest wavelength sensitivity of 6428.6 nm/RIU and amplitude sensitivity of 766.361 RIU⁻¹. Furthermore, the sensor will be able to detect different viruses, proteins, DNA/RNA strands, and other things in this sensing range. This sensor offered the potential to detect biochemical solutions and biological samples due to its high sensitivity and simple shape.
... Photonic crystal fibres are typically made of silica. The Sellmeier equation [20] is used to calculate the effective refractive index profile of the silica fibre material. "Au" was chosen as a plasmonic material, because of its extraordinary chemical stability in aquatic conditions. ...
We propose a dual-core, highly sensitive PCF SPR biosensor with C-shaped grooves based on a fusion of graphene and gold film. The performance of our sensor is enhanced by our circular fibre lattice with perforated air holes. We evaluate the biosensor's sensitivity to variations in refractive index (RI) in cancer cells numerically using the Finite Element Method (FEM) in COMSOL Multiphysics. After enhancing fiber parameters and using numerical results from amplitude method and spectral interrogation methods, we found that the biosensor demonstrates the highest sensitivity for MCF7 cells, 2142.86 nm/RIU under spectral interrogation. With HeLa cells, the biosensor shows a sensitivity of – 1058.039 1/RIU under the amplitude interrogation approach. Moreover, for MCF7, the biosensor reaches a resolution of 04.60 × 1E–5 RIU.
... Silica is commonly employed as the material for producing PCFs. The effective refractive index profile of the silica fiber material is evaluated using the Sellmeier equation (Ahmed et al. 2020). ...
Cancer, the world's second most common cause of death, has seen a recent surge in mortality. Harnessing biomarkers for diagnosis hold promise for early cancer detection and treatment. Biosensors, particularly using Surface-Plasmon-Resonance (SPR) technology for label-free detection, are key to this strategy. This research introduces an innovative biosensor concept based on SPR technology, recognized for its exceptional sensitivity in detecting cancer cells. The biosensor features a unique layer of Gold, with an enhanced hexagonal lattice design featuring air holes. Through advanced numerical simulations employing the Finite Element Model, refractive index (RI) changes related to malignancy were observed via wavelength and amplitude-based interrogation methods. Notably, the biosensor demonstrated a highest sensitivity measuring 7142.86 nm/RIU (nm per RIU) during spectral interrogation for MCF7 cells, along with a sensitivity of − 4220.99 per unit of RIU amplitude-based interrogation method for HeLa cells. Additionally, this biosensor achieved a significant resolution of 3.33 × 10–5 RIU for Basal cells. In summary, this study unveils a cutting-edge biosensor rooted in SPR technology, showcasing high sensitivity and efficacy in detecting cancer cells. Rigorous numerical analysis underscores its potential for early cancer detection and precise diagnostics.
... Typically, PCFs are made using silica. The accurate refractive index profile of a silica fiber material can be obtained through the use of the Sellmeier equation (19). (1) ...
This research paper investigates the integration of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensors with Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs), focusing on the implications of specific refractive indices on analyte detection. The study examines results where the refractive index is set at 1.33, revealing an amplitude sensitivity of -160.92 RIU-1 . By elucidating the significance of this sensitivity value, the paper underscores the potential applications and advantages of SPR-based PCF sensors in real-time, label-free analyte detection. Furthermore, the research delves into the relevance of analytes with specific refractive indices, including D-glucose and various proteins like insulin, haemoglobin, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), and immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM), in biomedical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Through comprehensive analysis and experimentation, this study contributes to advancing biosensing technologies and addressing critical challenges in analytical sciences.
... The expression of birefringence and coupling length define the power spectrum. The power spectrum ensures the sensor ability, which is measured by using the following equation [38]. ...
In this study, we presented a simple highly sensitive sensor based on commercially available solid-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for measuring the refractive index (RI) of analytes. The numerical simulation based on the finite element method (FEM) has been examined to compute the optical properties such as confinement loss, power spectrum, and transmission intensity of the sensor. The most sensitive and inert plasmonic materials (gold and silver) have been assumed to be coated inside the fiber with the range of analyte RI from 1.32 to 1.40. The performance of the proposed sensor has been evaluated by tracing the several optical features like wavelength sensitivity, amplitude sensitivity, resolution of the sensor, and figure of merit. As a result, the comparative study between silver and gold elements has been carried out in which the maximum sensitivity received was 1.15 μm/RIU and 1.10 μm/RIU, respectively. Whereas, on the base of power spectrum, the obtained sensitivity was 513 μm/RIU for the gold layer. Moreover, the effect of other structural parameters (air holes and plasmonic layer thickness) on the sensing performance has been taken into an account. According to the simulation analysis and results, this sensor would have a great potential in various sensing applications of biomedical and liquid refractive index.
... Yan et al. developed a structure of a MIM waveguide coupled with the stub and the notched ring, which has a sensitivity of 1071.4 nm/RIU [20]. There are several applications for RI sensors in the fields of biosensors, chemical sensors, etc. Notably, chemical sensors exhibit a diverse array of applications, encompassing the detection of alcohol [21], quantification of gasoline adulteration [22], assessment of water salinity [23], and beyond. In this context, we have explored the potential of chemical sensing applications and designed a sensor capable of detecting chemical pollutants in seawater components and heavy metals in water samples. ...
This research presents a surface plasmon polariton-based refractive index (RI) nanosensor consisting of a metal-insulator-metal waveguide coupled with an opposing-face semicircular shaped resonator with silver nanodots that demonstrates high sensitivity with up to a standard figure of merit (FOM). The transmission characteristics are derived using the finite element method (FEM), and the transmission spectrum is analyzed to determine the resonant wavelength with the help of an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). Furthermore, nanodots have been introduced to improve the light-matter interaction and boost the sensing performance parameters of the sensor. The maximum recorded sensitivity of the sensor design is 2975.96 nm per refractive index unit (RIU) with a corresponding FOM of 26.32. After thorough analysis, it has been confirmed that the sensor can effectively detect and identify chemical pollutants in seawater. Additionally, this innovative sensor configuration exhibits an impressive capacity to accurately quantify the concentration levels of heavy metal ions, encompassing pivotal elements such as zinc (Zn2+), lead (Pb2+), and mercury (Hg2+), within water samples. The proposed design is suitable for on-chip plasmonic nanosensors due to its high sensing characteristics and compact architecture.
... The expression of birefringence and coupling length define the power spectrum. The power spectrum ensures the sensor ability, which is measured by using the following equation [35]. ...
In this study, we presented a simple highly sensitive sensor based on commercially available solid core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for measuring the refractive index (RI) of analytes. The numerical simulation based on the finite element method (FEM) has been examined to compute the optical properties such as confinement loss, power spectrum, and transmission intensity of the sensor. The most sensitive and inert plasmonic materials (gold and silver) have been assumed to be coated inside the fiber with the range of analytes RI from 1.32 to 1.40. The performance of the proposed sensor has been evaluated by tracing the several optical features like wavelength sensitivity, amplitude sensitivity, resolution of the sensor, and figure of merit. As a result, the comparative study between silver and gold elements has been carried out in which the maximum sensitivity received as 1.15 μm/RIU and 1.10 μm/RIU respectively. Whereas, on the base of power spectrum the obtained sensitivity was 513 μm/RIU for the gold layer. Moreover, the effect of other structural parameters (air holes and plasmonic layers thickness) on the sensing performance has been taken into an account. According to the simulation analysis and results, this sensor would have a great potential in various sensing applications of biomedical and liquid refractive index.
... Metallic nanostructures have the potential to generate and disperse EM radiation in completely unimaginable ways. SPPs are synchronized oscillations of free electrons at the metal/dielectric contact [188,189]. Plasmonic sensors have recently shown their benefits in several fields, including chemical sensing [190], biological species [191], environmental monitoring [192], food safety [193], and medical diagnostics [194], thanks to the notable advancements achieved in micro-and nano-fabrication technology in recent years as shown in Figure 12. These sensors are notable for their distinctive qualities in biochemical studies. ...
In contemporary science and technology, photonic sensors are essential. They may be made to be extremely resistant to some physical parameters while also being extremely sensitive to other physical variables. Most photonic sensors may be incorporated on chips and operate with CMOS technology, making them suitable for use as extremely sensitive, compact, and affordable sensors. Photonic sensors can detect electromagnetic (EM) wave changes and convert them into an electric signal due to the photoelectric effect. Depending on the requirements, scientists have found ways to develop photonic sensors based on several interesting platforms. In this work, we extensively reviewed the most generally utilized photonic sensors for detecting vital environmental parameters and personal healthcare. These sensing systems include optical waveguides, optical fibers, plasmonics, metasurfaces, and photonic crystals. Various aspects of light are used to investigate photonic sensors' transmission or reflection spectra. In general, resonant cavity or grating-based sensor configurations that work on wavelength interrogation methods are preferred, so these sensor types are mostly presented. We believe this paper will provide insight into the novel types of available photonic sensors.
... The majority of the time, silica is employed to create photonic crystal fibers. The Sellmeier equation [15] is used to assess the silica fiber material's effective RI profile. Due to its chemical steadiness in aquatic environments, gold (Au) is employed as a plasmonic-material. ...
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique is an excellent method for providing optical and label-free detection of target bioanalytes. In this research, we suggest a novel SPR biosensor based on a hybrid TiO2/Au layer that offers improved sensitivity and detection capabilities for cancer cells. The biosensor is based on a hybrid TiO2/Au layer, which enhances the performance of the sensor by making the gold coating and fiber more adherent to each other. Our prototype’s fiber is strategically drilled with circular air holes, which enhances the sensor’s performance. To validate the proposed design, numerical analysis was performed using the finite element model (FEM) technique of COMSOL Multiphysics Simulation tool. The refractive index changes of cancer cells are discovered using the wavelength-interrogation and amplitude-interrogation approaches. Based on the numerical findings of spectrum interrogation and amplitude techniques, we found that the greatest sensitivity of this biosensor is 4078.43 nm/RIU for Hela using spectral interrogation and 4285.71 1/RIU for MCF7 cell utilizing amplitude-interrogation techniques. This sensor also displays the highest resolution for basal cells of 4.0 × 10⁻⁵ RIU.
