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The presence of emulsion in oil production process is undesirable. The emulsion will increase the production costs, transportation and costs related to emulsion separation process between water and oil. The development of palm oil-based surfactant as an emulsion breaker needs to be conducted given the availability of abundant raw materials in Indon...
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A change of oil/water interfacial tension in the presence of cationic or anionic surfactants in an organic phase was observed due to the addition of charged fine solids in the aqueous phase. The charged fine solids in the aqueous phase adsorb surfactants diffused from the oil phase, thereby causing an increase in the bulk equilibrium surfactant con...
In mixed solutions of anionic and cationic surfactants, called catanionics, ion pairs are formed which behave like non-ionic surfactants with a much higher surface activity than the single components. In equimolar mixtures of NaCnSO4 and CmTAB, all surface-active ions are paired. For mixtures with n + m = const, the interfacial properties are rathe...
In this paper, a modified thermodynamic equation to predict interfacial tension (IFT) at oil/water interfaces with the presence of ionic surfactants and salt is considered. The surfactant activity coefficient is optimized based on the Extended UNIQUAC model according to the experimental results and is used in the modified model. In this study, the...
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... Surfactants often used in the petroleum world are anionic surfactants resistant to the salinity of the formation water. The injected surfactant must be soluble and stable in reservoir conditions so that the Stability of the solution and thermal stability must be tested because if the answer is unstable such as deposition, it will block the pores of the rock and damage the formation (Muhpidah et al. 2017). Test for compatibility at ambient temperature and 60. ...
Surfactant flooding is one of the types of EOR that reduces the surface tension between two immiscible fluids. The essential oil of sweet orange peel (citrus sinensis) contains a methyl ester group found in the pectin of sweet orange peel, so it has the potential as a raw material for making Methyl Ester Sulfonate by transesterification and sulfonation processes using H2SO4 reactants. This research is focused on testing the MES characteristics of the essential oil of orange peel in the form of density, viscosity, pH, acid number, and compatibility tests. The results of testing the characteristics of the essential oil of sweet orange peel obtained a density of 0.9 g/cm3, a viscosity of 1.36 cP, a neutral pH of 7, and an acid number of 3.048%, so based on these characteristic values the MES of the essential oil of orange peel was included in the initial screening. Alternative MES. Based on the surfactant compatibility test with a concentration scenario of 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, and 1% in brine with a salinity of 15,000 ppm, the best is the 0.1% surfactant scenario. However, all scenarios qualify for compatibility. Certain surfactant solutions are not clear or cloudy, but that does not mean they cannot be injected
... All solutions are compatible with a formation water of various salinity. A solution is said to be compatible if it has no precipitate [43]. There is no precipitate in the polymer solution due to the absence of bonding of the anions between the polymer solution and the formation water [32]. ...
... Dari hasil pengamatan pada Tabel 1, Tabel 2 dan Tabel 3 terlihat bahwa polimer rumput laut, daun cincau, dan xanthan gum kompatibel terhadap air formasi, tidak terdapat endapan maupun emulsi pada suhu 50°C, 60°C, dan 70°C. Menurut Muspidah & Hambali, (2017) larutan dikatakan kompatibel jika larutan tidak memiliki endapan ataupun gumpalan saat sebelum maupun sesudah pendiaman di dalam oven dengan suhu reservoir. Tidak adanya endapan mengidentifikasi tidak adanya ikatan anion-kation antara polimer dengan air formasi (Tobing & Eni, 2013). ...
The declining in production can occur because wells that have been producing for a long time are no longer able to lift oil to the surface in primary and secondary ways. Therefore, tertiary methods such as chemical injection like polymer flooding were carried out. Polymers commonly used in flooding polymers are divided into three namely synthetic polymers, biopolymers, and natural polymers. Natural polymers have abundant sources such as seaweed and grass jelly. This study was aimed to identify alternative renewable polymers as flooding polymer materials by knowing initial characteristics such as viscosity, compatibility and the effect of shear rates. This test wass carried out by an experimental method with several stages, namely drying, crushing to powder, and making polymers that were dissolved into brines that have different salinity. Then the polymer was allowed to stand for more than 24 hours until it was tested. The material tested was seaweed, grass jelly, and biopolymer xanthan gum as a comparison. The parameters used are polymer concentrations of 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm with each salinity of 3000 ppm, 9000 ppm and 15000 ppm. The test results showed that the characteristics of natural polymers were the same as biopolymers, the viscosity decreased as the brines salinity increased .The absence of sedimentation resulted from Seaweed and grass jelly solution and formation water indicated that the polymers had good compatibility and shear rate test has shown that the polymers are psuodoplastic.
Polymer flooding is an Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method using chemicals, such as xanthan gum and polyacrylamide which are widely used in the field. Polymer flooding can improve the mobility of the injection fluid, but in the reservoir the polymer has an interaction with sand known as adsorption which causes some of the polymer to be bound to the surface of the pore of sand, so that it has an impact on the ineffectiveness of the injection. The purpose of this study want to determine and compare the effect of sand grain on the adsorption of xanthan gum and polyacrylamide polymer solutions. Based on the experiment results, it was found that the increase in adsorption was proportional to the increase in polymer concentration. From two polymers used, xanthan gum showed lower adsorption than polyacrylamide. Based on the sand grain, the adsorption that occurs is greater in the grain size for large sand compare small.
Natural materials are widely developed to replace petroleum-based materials because of their advantages. Natural oils and its derivatives are biodegradable, renewable and relatively safe for environtment and human. In Indonesia natural oil like crude palm oil has high productivity and it can be utilized for many applications such as surfactant. Surfactant contributes in lowering interfacial tension between oil and has been used for many industries. Fungicide formulation in emulsifiable concentrate (EC) use surfactant to make the active agent spontaneously emulsified in water. This active agent is commonly in oil phase which is hardly dissolves in water. It is obvious that surfactant play important role in emulsion stability. The most efficient emulsion formula optimization is using HLB system. In this study, combination of palm oil based surfactant was used to stabilize emulsion system contained essential oils for fungicide EC formulation. The best result was achieved at surfactant HLB value 10 with surfactant composition MES 20%, PDO 10% and PMO 70%, oil composition neem oil 33%, eugenol oil 33%, citronella oil 33% in oil/surfactant ratio 60/40 based on emulsions stability test for 6 hours. Furthermore, this study can be developed by investigating its efficacy and residue in environment.
