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In the new energy vehicle field, the lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used as energy storage devices. In this paper, the decay characteristics and thermal stability of LIBs’ negative electrode with capacity retention rate (CRR) 60–100% were studied. The lithium content and polarization impedance of the negative electrode were analyzed by con...
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... on, the specific surface area of graphite is a small, this site offers limited active point, lead to limited the amount of lithium ion embedded. Besides, the small interlayer spacing of graphite makes the diffusion resistance of lithium-ion intercalation high, leading to the rapid decay of graphite circulating capacity (Arora, White, & Doyle, 1998;Z. Wang, K., Wang et al., 2021). In particular, the large current of graphite under large polarization will make the potential of lithium embedding in graphite less than 0 V, and a large amount of deposition on the surface of graphite, resulting in the blockage of diffusion channel and the increase of resistance. As a result, the lithium source cannot be effectively u ...
Graphite anode material is easily powdered under large currents, resulting in a short circuit inside the battery, causing serious safety hazards. Therefore, it is necessary to study a negative electrode material, increase the diffusion channel of lithium ions, increase the layer spacing, reduce the transmission distance, effectively weaken the lithium-ion deposition, and improve the cycle life. A novel organic hard carbon material was prepared by calcining dopamine hydrochloride (DA) at three temperatures. Under the inert atmosphere of 950 °C, the material is fully carbonized, the lattice spacing is 0.367 nm, and it has good lithium-ion transmission activity. After assembling into a battery, after 2000 charge-discharge tests at a high rate of 10C, the charging specific capacity is still 103.3mAh g-1, and the CE remains 101.4%. Dopamine hard carbon anode materials exhibit excellent specific capacity and cycle properties, providing new ideas to support the rapid charging and discharging of hard carbon anode materials.
... On the other hand, the formation of SEI would consume part of the lithium ions, which increases the irreversible capacity of the first charge and discharge, thereby reducing the charge and discharge efficiency of the electrode material. However, the generated loose secondary SEI will effectively reduce the thermal stability of the negative electrode [114]. The formation of SEI can be divided into two steps. ...
Along with the wide application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the fire accidents also occur frequently, causing unimaginable losses of life and property. Thermal runaway (TR) is the main reason for LIB fire and explosion, in which carbon materials play an important role. Therefore, this review presents the information about the influence of carbon materials on the safety of LIBs. In the first place, the effects of carbon materials as electrodes on battery safety performance and electrochemical properties were summarized. Subsequently, the roles of each component during TR and the process were introduced, the importance of carbon materials was highlighted. Finally, the improvement measures of carbon electrode materials were summarized, and their influence mechanism on the safety of LIBs was reviewed. By understanding the importance of carbon materials in the TR processing and comparing the advantages and disadvantages, it is concluded that the presently widely used carbon materials have significant impacts on the thermal hazard of batteries.
... Roder et al. [29] conducted a complete study on the relationship between aging and safety of 18650 lithium ion batteries with LiMn 2 O 4 +Li(Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 )O 2 composite cathode from the battery level to the material level. In addition, the safety of aging batteries depends on their use history largely [29][30][31][32][33][34]. Fleischhammer et al. [30] respectively studied the safety of aging batteries under low temperature and high rate, they found that although the cycle under high rate has no great impact on the battery safety, the cycle of aging batteries under low temperature increases the risk of thermal runaway, the stability of SEI films was the main factor influencing the self-reaction onset temperature. ...
... According to Eq. (1) and temperature rise rate data, the heat accumulation value of the battery at any moment during the whole charging process can be obtained. Where, Q h represents the total heat accumulated during charging, and the unit is J, m is the mass of the battery, which is 17.3 g, c is the specific heat capacity, which has been measured in Ref. [34], so it will not be repeated here, is 1.0 J g − 1 K − 1 in this paper [34]. ...
... According to Eq. (1) and temperature rise rate data, the heat accumulation value of the battery at any moment during the whole charging process can be obtained. Where, Q h represents the total heat accumulated during charging, and the unit is J, m is the mass of the battery, which is 17.3 g, c is the specific heat capacity, which has been measured in Ref. [34], so it will not be repeated here, is 1.0 J g − 1 K − 1 in this paper [34]. ...
Overcharge and even further thermal runaway of lithium ion batteries may occur when there are inconsistencies between batteries, charging devices or battery management system fails. In this work, the thermal behavior and heat accumulation of commercial lithium ion batteries with different states of health (SOH) are studied for aging batteries when they are subjected to overcharging. The results show that the thermal runaway is triggered by the melting of separator which leads to internal short circuit, and this triggering factor does not change with SOH. Through the changes of temperature, voltage and duration before the thermal runaway, the safety decreases after aging, which is mainly due to the loss of lithium ions and the change of negative capacity after the battery is overcharged at a high rate. The contribution rate of heat generated by side reaction to thermal runaway is almost not affected by SOH. In addition, overcharge experiments of batteries with 80% SOH are carried out under different current rates. The results provide a method for warning the risk of thermal runaway. When the voltage reaches an inflection point, safety measures should be taken within 3 min.
Thermal runaway (TR) is one of the challenging problems in the safety of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The monitoring and early warning of TR events, the analysis and modeling of TR mechanisms, and the control of TR are crucial in battery safety research. This review first analyzes the three abuse factors. The identification and analysis of the characteristic temperatures in TR, including the onset temperature of self-heating, the initiation temperature of TR, and the maximum temperature of the TR are reviewed and analyzed. The heat of internal side reactions (ISRs) comes from the separate decomposition, oxidation or mutual reactions of solid electrolyte interphase, positive electrolyte interphase, positive and negative active materials, and electrolyte, which induce the gradual development of the battery towards TR. The ISR mechanism, thermodynamic and reaction kinetic characteristics are reviewed in detail.
This research focuses on the effect of overcharging on aged batteries, and the experiments aim to show the thermal runaway (TR) behavior of batteries with different degrees of aging. In order to clarify the typical behavioral characteristics of overcharge-induced battery thermal runaway, commercial 18,650 type LiMn2O4 (LMO)/graphite batteries with different capacity retention rates (CRRs) were applied for overcharge testing operation. The changes of external characteristics, such as surface temperature, voltage and fire explosion phenomena of aged batteries during the whole process of thermal runaway under overcharge conditions were investigated. The results showed that the battery TR trigger time was negatively correlated with the CRR. The batteries having CRR of 86.7%, 80.8%, and 75.2% took 28.2%, 32.5%, and 52.0% longer than fresh battery to reach the TR triggering temperature. Besides, they took 54.1%, 91.8% and 115.1% longer than fresh battery to reach the lithium plating time point. The deposition of manganese oxide on the cathode surface and the phenomenon of lithium plating on the anode surface together lead to the reduction of reversible lithium. With the deepening of aging, the amount of reversible lithium inside the battery decreases, which is the main reason why the TR trigger time is delayed.
