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The E-and H-plane radiation patterns of the traditional series-fed taper antenna array. (a) E-plane. (b) H-plane.
Source publication
To improve the performance of microstrip antenna array, a matching-in-step (MIS) configuration of microstrip series-fed taper array is designed. Compared to the traditional one, the novel antenna array has a better VSWR characteristic. The design procedure of the MIS antenna array is discussed in detail, and some valuable results are acquired. Nume...
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Citations
... 22 achieved a 1 × 4 L-band and 4 × 16 C-band array with a frequency ratio of 4:1 and isolation of 40 dB. 23 introduced a series-fed tapered antenna array with a matching-in-step technique and an SLL of −17 dB. In Kuo and Hwang, 24 a configuration of 32 identical square patches with four arms fed by coaxial probe center feeding was developed at 9.35 GHz using the Chebyshev synthesis technique. ...
This article presents a dual‐band shared aperture antenna array designed for ASAR applications. The antenna array comprises eight elements for Chebyshev array configurations in both X/Ku‐bands. The proposed array achieves a scanning angle of ±25° by employing an interelement spacing of 0.7 λ. The layout mitigates mutual coupling effects and provides good isolation performance between the X‐ and Ku‐band antenna arrays across all synthesis techniques. Adopting the open, short, and load antenna array achieves different side lobe level (SLL) performances, >−25 dB. The isolation between bands and between the three conditions is quantified as follows: S16 = S61 = −68 dB, S15 = S51 = −55 dB, S12 = S21 = −46 dB, S43 = S34 = −49 dB, and S56 = S65 = −43 dB. The SLL values for each synthesis technique in the X/Ku‐band are as follows: Chebyshev simulated and measured results for open‐ended (X/Ku‐band: −26/−24 dB/−27/−26.8 dB). Furthermore, the antenna array achieves maximum realized gains in different positions (0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°) in the X/Ku‐band. The gains for each synthesis technique are as follows: Chebyshev (The measured gain of this X/Ku‐band is high around 16.2/16.5 dBi (open‐ended), 13.1/14.2 dBi (short‐ended), and 15.3/15.2 dBi (load‐ended). The antenna array exhibits a comparatively wide impedance bandwidth Chebyshev (X/Ku‐band: 100/230 MHz).
... The design of inline antenna arrays normally requires an equivalent model (i.e. a resonator), which can then be plugged into a circuit to determine the required interconnections: these techniques can be relatively simple yet powerful [4], [5]. Still relying on a simple equivalent model, other techniques require different elements along the array [6], [7], which conversely demand several separate electromagnetic simulations to dimension each element in accordance to the synthesis output. The extension to other antenna types today involves a modeling step (not trivial and implying several electromagnetic simulations) and the development of a suitable M. Oldoni synthesis technique for the array which, if lacking, must be replaced by several heavy electromagnetic optimizations. ...
This paper discusses a simplified design technique of antenna arrays. The technique relies on a single electromagnetic simulation of an arbitrary inline core element, for instance a printed patch antenna or a waveguide slot, and several identical core elements are then cascaded by means of transmission lines with given length and characteristic impedance. Realizability constraints as well as extended possibilities are discussed. Design examples are presented and characterized for validation.
... Designing Rotman lens-based beam steering systems for WiFi frequency range IoT applications is challenging [13], but necessary for efficient and costeffective solutions. The Villeneuve distribution in a series feed array offers unique beamwidth and sidelobe characteristics making it an attractive choice for antenna design in various applications [14,15]. In [16], Aman et al. designed a reflectarray antenna with an offset-feed mechanism, utilizing a planar series feed array antenna as the feed source at 5.8 GHz. ...
This paper presents the development of a beam-steerable reflectarray designed for IoT applications in the 5 GHz (WiFi) frequency range. The proposed reflectarray incorporates a combination of a Rotman lens and a combline series-fed array as the feed source, resulting in a planar structure capable of beam steering. By exciting the Rotman lens port, the combline array emits a beam in a specific direction. The reflected beam is then efficiently redirected by the reflectarray towards the desired direction, achieving high gain. The reflectarray system, utilizing a Rotman lens-based combline array as the feed source, enables the generation of four switchable beams directed at angles of \(-10^{\circ }\), \(-20^{\circ }\), \(-28^{\circ }\), and \(-45^{\circ }\). Prototypes of the reflectarray, Rotman lens, and combline array were fabricated separately using low-cost FR4 substrate with dimensions of \(100 \times 100 \times 1.6\) mm\(^3\), \(120 \times 150 \times 1.6\) mm\(^3\) and \(120 \times 150 \times 1.6\) mm\(^3\), respectively. The reflectarray antenna with a planar feed source exhibits a gain of 18 dBi at 5 GHz. The results from both the simulated and measured data show strong agreement, emphasizing the antenna’s cost-effectiveness, ease of fabrication, and simplicity, which make it highly suitable for IoT applications.
... In this way, the microstrip line located below the feeding point shifts the current phase by 180 • at the antenna central frequency, and therefore, on the two pairs of three patches, the current flows in the same direction. A taper on the patches' width (along the radiating edge of each patch) was applied to reduce side lobe levels [35,36]. The taper factors are 0.75 and 0.5 for the last two patches located in the opposite directions. ...
... In this way, the microstrip line located below the feeding point shifts the current phase by 180° at the antenna central frequency, and therefore, on the two pairs of three patches, the current flows in the same direction. A taper on the patches' width (along the radiating edge of each patch) was applied to reduce side lobe levels [35,36]. The taper factors are 0.75 and 0.5 for the last two patches located in the opposite directions. ...
A frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar for short-range target imaging, assembling a transceiver, a PLL, an SP4T switch, and a serial patch antenna array, was realized. A new algorithm based on a double Fourier transform (2D-FT) was developed and compared with the delay and sum (DAS) and multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithms proposed in the literature for target detection. The three reconstruction algorithms were applied to simulated canonical cases evidencing radar resolutions close to the theoretical ones. The proposed 2D-FT algorithm exhibits an angle of view greater than 25° and is five times faster than DAS and 20 times faster than the MUSIC one. The realized radar shows a range resolution of 55 cm and an angular resolution of 14° and is able to correctly identify the positions of single and multiple targets in realistic scenarios, with errors lower than 20 cm.
... Besides, thin microstrip arrays with flexible structures around the body's abdomen may be good choices for this purpose. For instance, corporate-or seriesfed microstrip arrays [38]- [40] can synthesize the arbitrary pattern and provide a low-level SAR. The main limiting factors in corporate-and series-fed methods are the antenna's width and expected frequency bandwidth, respectively. ...
Continuous health monitoring of vital signs of patients is a challenging issue, especially in emergency medical conditions. This paper designs a practical internet of medical things-based wireless body area network (IoMT-based WBAN), to address this issue. Accordingly, a two-fold test-bed design is proposed taking i) signaling and ii) antenna configuration into account to attain uninterruptible on/off-body communication links. Firstly, the Walsh-Hadamard coding technique is used in all bio-sensors to retain orthogonal simultaneous signaling for on-body links. Secondly, an antenna configuration of the hub is designed so that it prevents probable interruptions in off-body links which may be caused by some human postures. More accurately, a novel periodic leaky-wave antenna (LWA) with an elliptical belt shape is introduced which generates a quasi-omnidirectional pattern. The LWA is designed based on a multi-tone periodicity of a width-modulated microstrip line. At the design frequency of 5.8 GHz, the suggested conformal periodic LWA was simulated and then fabricated. Simulations and measurement results illustrate that the performance of on/off-body communication links is improved in comparison to conventional antennas. Furthermore, simulated and measured radiation patterns have a good agreement with theoretical calculations. Moreover, specific absorption rate (SAR) values of the proposed antenna are significantly below the SAR limits so that this technique can be highly recommended for WBAN applications.
... In this, moderately larger power is distributed in the centre of the array and a lesser power is distributed towards both ends of the array. This typically means adjusting the array amplitude using polynomial coefficients such as Binomial, Chebyshev, and Taylor series [16]- [18]. Meanwhile the radiations from individual elements are different, so this technique affects the overall gain and is useful only with small amplitude tapering. ...
This paper presents a millimeter wave series-fed microstrip line antenna array with low side lobes. For millimeter-wave beam forming applications, compact series fed arrays with very small horizontal width and low side lobes are very much required. The proposed array consists of a microstrip line with periodically placed stepped inverted-cone stub sections at a guided wavelength spacing. Surface current cancellation at each guided wavelength in an ideal microstrip line can be altered by symmetrically introducing the inverted-cone stub sections on two edges with a half wavelength offset. By controlling the dimensions and location of the inverted-cone stub sections, the equivalent surface currents can be altered and focused on the cone stub sections, resulting in an effective array radiation. The fabricated antenna array is resonating at 28 GHz and has an impedance bandwidth of 1.3 GHz. Peak realized gain of 10.2 dBi is achieved at 28 GHz and the measured side lobe levels are better than -15 dB in the E and H plane. The proposed microstrip line antenna array with low side lobes also benefits from simple fabrication and high integration ability, which makes it attractive for compact beamforming scenarios in millimeter-wave bands.
... Series-feed networks offer simplicity and compactness compared to corporate systems, enabling the implementation of low-loss feeding structures, as proposed by Pozar et al [4]. The innovative microstrip series-fed tapered arrays demonstrate improved VSWR performance compared to conventional antenna arrays [5]. The utilization of a tapered design helps to reduce the side-lobe level in marine radar systems operating in the S, X, and Ku bands with an operating bandwidth of 9.3 to 9.4 GHz [6]. ...
This research paper introduces a novel dual-band single-polarized (DBSP) high gain shared aperture antenna (SAA) with better isolation is proposed for the use in Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radars (AIR-SARs). The SAA operating in both X-band and Ku-band with center frequencies of 9.3GHz (ideal for soil moisture estimation in agricultural areas) and 13.265GHz (suitable for applications in snow-covered regions, cold areas, and disaster monitoring) with a frequency ratio of 1:1.426. The SAA consists of four groups of 5-element series-fed center-fed planar array square microstrip patches for the X-band and one group of 5-element series-fed center-fed planar array square microstrip patches for the Ku-band. The inter-element spacing between patches is set at 0.7λ to meet the ±25° scan range requirements. To validate the antenna design, a prototype is fabricated and tested for S-parameters, radiation characteristics, and gain measurements. The antenna with return loss of S11 < -10 dB has an impedance bandwidth (BW) (9.1919-9.4674 GHz) (276 MHz with 2.96% BW) in X-band and (13.054-13.513 GHz) (459 MHz with 3.46% BW) in Ku-band. More than 25 dB of isolation has been measured between S
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for case 3 and are >35dB isolation between in-band ports (P12/P23/P13) for case 4. Additionally, it achieves high gain values of 12.8 dBi for the X-band and 12 dBi for the Ku-band for case 3. The 2×2 planar array (5-elements in each group excited with coaxial probe feed) is connected with 8-way power divider (4-groups are feed with 4 power divider ports and other 4-ports are matched with 50Ω terminations) and achieved a gain of 19 dBi for the X-band and 12 dBi for the Ku-band for case 4. The combined gain is varied between 19dBi to 20dBi with 0° to 25° scan angle. The combined 2×2 planar x-band array Half-Power Beam width (HPBW) values are 16° in the E-plane and 12.6° in the H-plane for the X-band, while for the Ku-band, they are 22.7° in the E-plane and 78.4° in the H-plane. The antenna design shows a side-lobe level (SLL) of -16.2 dB at E-plane/φ=0° for the X-band and -14.1 dB at E-plane/φ=0° for the Ku-band. The size of the shared-aperture antenna is 160 mm × 160 mm × 1.6 mm. This paper presents the first reported SAA X/Ku-DBSP, which holds significant value for AIR-SAR applications. All the measured results were in line with simulated results and matched reasonably well.
... Therefore, several matching circuits have been designed to support wide band microstrip antennas. A series fed patch array with recessed microstrip feed for the terminal array element was proposed in [6]. Also, the width of the feed lines to other array elements are changed to match the impedance of the array elements. ...
A novel wide band matching circuit for the series fed patch array antenna at 80 GHz is proposed in this paper. The series fed patch array is designed with amplitude tapered configuration. First, the series fed patch array is matched using stub loaded transmission line (TL) with narrow band. Later, it is converted to wide band matching circuit using three quarter wave transformers and two half wavelength stubs. The sizes of these half wavelength stubs are reduced using the stub loaded and step impedance TLs. The simulated results of the series fed patch array with and without the connector are presented. The simulated -10 dB reflection coefficient bandwidth with connector is from 77.125 GHz to 83.95 GHz and the simulated co-polarized gain with connector is 13.73 dBi. The designed antenna array is fabricated along with the matching circuit and tested experimentally. The measured -10 dB reflection coefficient bandwidth is from 76.73 GHz to 86.08 GHz with the measured gain of the antenna is 13.3 dBi at 81.44 GHz.
... Traveling-wave transmission arrays can broaden frequency bandwidth, provide flexible radiation pattern and realize polarization switchable [11][12][13][14][15][16]. A CP travelingwave microstrip array antenna is presented in [11][12][13]. ...
... And the bandwidth of the given antenna is relatively narrow [13]. For millimeter-wave applications, a dual-CP series-fed antenna is presented [14]. The scholars proposed two-port traveling wave series-fed array for circular polarization [15]. ...
A multi-polarization series-fed antenna working at 10 GHz is presented in this paper. The patch elements are built by eccentric rings which can realize the performance of circular polarization. The dual-port feeding allows us to switch the polarization of the antenna. The right-hand circular polarization (RHCP), left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), and Linear polarization (LP) polarization can be realized by properly feeding form. The changing of antenna polarization without switch controlling. Owing to the circular array arrangement, the antenna can form a compact structure. The key features of this array are multi-polarization and traveling-wave series-fed performance. The axial ratios are lower than 3dB measured. The |S
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| is lower than -14 dB in the mentioned bandwidth. Then, a 4 × 4 MIMO array which has compact structure is designed and simulated. The circular array is processed and measured. The experimental and simulation results are in good agreement.
... In addition to dual polarization, the antenna separation technique is considered to achieve a high level of cancellation. Rather than using single patch antenna elements, corporate-fed and series-fed antenna arrays are employed to enhance the performance of the system with improved gain for both ports [12,13]. A corporate-feed network is a widely used feeding technique for designing antenna arrays. ...
... Both antenna arrays are optimized to operate on the center frequency of 12 GHz and the system sustains a high bandwidth with low cross polarization. The antenna operating frequency (12 GHz) lies between X (8-12 GHz) and Ku (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) bands. The proposed design provides the coverage for common applications in satellite communications (such as direct broadcast satellites to broadcast satellite television), and multichannel video and data distribution service (MVDDS). ...
This work presents a dual polarized microstrip patch antenna array with improved isolation and gain for in-band full-duplex wireless communications. The proposed system comprises two four-element planar arrays located on the same substrate to provide orthogonal polarizations at 12 GHz. The corporate feeding technique is used to feed the first array, while the second array is fed using the series-fed method. The simulated − 10 dB bandwidths of transmit and receive operations are 1200 MHz and 870 MHz, respectively. In addition, the design maintains a simulated isolation, S21, around − 40 dB between transmit and receive ports during the operating band. The measured results are in good agreement with simulations achieving high isolation bandwidth, reaching as low as − 58 dB at the center frequency. The antenna array provides measured gain from 6 dB to 6.8 dB and low cross-polarization fields through the entire band of interest. The proposed system is also suitable for small form factor devices due to its compact structure.
