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The Determinants of young Adult Social well-being and Health (DASH) study: ethnic distribution of measures of structural adversity, psychosocial support, and health behaviours [percentage (95 % confidence intervals)] at age 11-16 years
Source publication
The Determinants of young Adult Social well-being and Health longitudinal study draws on life-course models to understand ethnic differences in health. A key hypothesis relates to the role of psychosocial factors in nurturing the health and well-being of ethnic minorities growing up in the UK. We report the effects of culturally patterned exposures...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... % of Black Africans were Muslims. Table 1 shows ethnic distributions of measures of structural adversity, psychosocial support and key health behaviours in adolescence. Ethnic minority adolescents remained generally more exposed to structural adversity than White British, including more racism and, apart from Indians, more socio-economic disadvantage. ...
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Background:
Adolescence is a key time period for the emergence of psychosocial and mental health difficulties. To promote adolescent adaptive ('resilient') psychosocial functioning (PSF), appropriate conceptualisation and quantification of such functioning and its predictors is a crucial first step. Here, we quantify resilient functioning as the d...
\textbf{BACKGROUND}$: Adolescence is a key time period for the emergence of psychosocial and mental health difficulties. To promote adolescent adaptive ('resilient') psychosocial functioning (PSF), appropriate conceptualisation and quantification of such functioning and its predictors is a crucial first step. Here, we quantify resilient functioning...
Citations
... The role of peer friendship support on young people's mental wellbeing has been consistently demonstrated (Coverdale & Long, 2015;Gunnar & Hostinar, 2015;Harding et al., 2015), and our finding of an association between perceived good quality friendship support at age 14 and resilient functioning at age 24 is in keeping with these findings. We have shown that perceived quality friendship support in adolescents reduces depressive symptoms in young people who have been exposed to early life stress (childhood family adversity and/or relational bullying before the age of eleven) (van Harmelen et al., 2016). ...
Friendships increase mental wellbeing and resilient functioning in young people with childhood adversity (CA). However, the mechanisms of this relationship are unknown. We examined the relationship between perceived friendship quality at age 14 after the experience of CA and reduced affective and neural responses to social exclusion at age 24. Resilient functioning was quantified as psychosocial functioning relative to the degree of CA severity in 310 participants at age 24. From this cohort, 62 young people with and without CA underwent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to assess brain responses to social inclusion and exclusion. We observed that good friendship quality was significantly associated with better resilient functioning. Both friendship quality and resilient functioning were related to increased affective responses to social inclusion. We also found that friendship quality, but not resilient functioning, was associated with increased dorsomedial prefrontal cortex responses to peer exclusion. Our findings suggest that friendship quality in early adolescence may contribute to the evaluation of social inclusion by increasing affective sensitivity to positive social experiences and increased brain activity in regions involved in emotion regulation to negative social experiences. Future research is needed to clarify this relationship with resilient functioning in early adulthood.
... DASH adopted a school-based and parental opt-out approach to recruiting participants. The cohort was followed up when they were aged 13-15 years, and a pilot follow-up was conducted at age 21-23 years [30]. ...
Background:
Youth adversity (e.g., abuse and bullying victimisation) is robust risk factor for later mental health problems (e.g., depression and anxiety). Research shows the prevalence of youth adversity and rates of mental health problems vary by individual characteristics, identity or social groups (e.g., gender and ethnicity). However, little is known about whether the impact of youth adversity on mental health problems differ across the intersections of these characteristics (e.g., white females). This paper reports on a component of the ATTUNE research programme (work package 2) which aims to investigate the impact and mechanisms of youth adversity on depressive and anxiety symptoms in young people by intersectionality profiles.
Methods:
The data are from 4 UK adolescent cohorts: HeadStart Cornwall, Oxwell, REACH, and DASH. These cohorts were assembled for adolescents living in distinct geographical locations representing coastal, suburban and urban places in the UK. Youth adversity was assessed using a series of self-report questionnaires and official records. Validated self-report instruments measured depressive and anxiety symptoms. A range of different variables were classified as possible social and cognitive mechanisms.
Results and analysis:
Structural equation modelling (e.g., multiple group models, latent growth models) and multilevel modelling will be used, with adaptation of methods to suit the specific available data, in accord with statistical and epidemiological conventions.
Discussion:
The results from this research programme will broaden our understanding of the association between youth adversity and mental health, including new information about intersectionality and related mechanisms in young people in the UK. The findings will inform future research, clinical guidance, and policy to protect and promote the mental health of those most vulnerable to the negative consequences of youth adversity.
... DASH adopted a school-based and parental opt-out approach to recruiting participants. The cohort was followed up when they were aged 13-15 years, and a pilot follow-up was conducted at age 21-23 years [30]. <Table 1 about here> . ...
Background: Youth adversity (e.g., abuse and bullying victimisation) is robust risk factor for later mental health problems (e.g., depression and anxiety). Research shows the prevalence of youth adversity and rates of mental health problems vary by individual characteristics, identity or social groups (e.g., gender and ethnicity). However, little is known about whether the impact of youth adversity on mental health problems differ across the intersections of these characteristics (e.g., white female). This paper reports on a component of the ATTUNE research programme (work package 2) which aims to investigate the impact and mechanisms of youth adversity on depressive and anxiety symptoms in young people by intersectionality profiles.
Methods: The data are from 4 UK adolescent cohorts: HeadStart Cornwall, Oxwell, REACH, and DASH. These cohorts were assembled for adolescents living in distinct geographical locations representing coastal, suburban and urban places in the UK. Youth adversity was assessed using a series of self-report questionnaires and official records. Validated self-report instruments measured depressive and anxiety symptoms. A range of different variables were classified as possible social and cognitive mechanisms.
Results and analysis: Structural equation modelling (e.g., multiple group models, latent growth models) and multilevel modelling will be used, with adaptation of methods to suit the specific available data, in accord with statistical and epidemiological conventions.
Discussion: The results from this research programme will broaden our understanding of the association between youth adversity and mental health, including new information about intersectionality and related mechanisms in young people in the UK. The findings will inform future research, clinical guidance, and policy to protect and promote the mental health of those most vulnerable to the negative consequences of youth adversity.
... Migration is a global phenomenon that affects the health and living conditions of children worldwide. For children who have migrated or whose parents have migrated, previous research shows that a complex combination of factors affect children's health and risks of ill-health, such as discrimination, poverty, education, comfort in school and among friends, exposure to infectious diseases, asylum processes, as well as parents' well-being and health [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. These factors exist pre, during and post migration and relate to the various conditions that children who have migrated and their families have lived in and live in. ...
... As the document analysis focused on migration and its various influences on children's health, factors influencing the health of children who had migrated or whose parents had migrated were sought and identified in previous reports and scientific articles [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. The list of identified factors in the cited research is available in Additional file 1. ...
... Hence, these factors relate to discriminatory practices based on the categorizations of people into different groups and the inference of notions about groups being portrayed as more or less valued by society [55,56]. Such discrimination based on origin or ethnicity is shown to influence children's health [1,3,4,6,[41][42][43]45]. That these factors are not included in guidelines or health questionnaires could imply that they might not be fully addressed in health visits, as school nurses report relying on health questionnaires to address all topics to be included in the health dialog with children [29,30]. ...
Background
Migration affects the health of children worldwide. Therefore, school nurses who encounter these children as part of their everyday practice need support from guidelines on how to promote the health of children who have migrated or whose parents have migrated. Yet knowledge regarding such content in guidelines of school nursing practice is sparse. Therefore, this study aims to investigate how municipal and regional guidelines and health questionnaires used in health visits in the Swedish school health services include factors related to migration that affect children’s health.
Methods
A document analysis of municipal and regional guidelines and health questionnaires guiding school nurses’ practice in health visits was conducted during the autumn of 2020. In total, 687 guidelines and health questionnaires were analyzed using deductive content analysis.
Results
The results show that municipal and regional guidelines and health questionnaires used in health visits in the Swedish school health services include content on many factors related to migration that affect children’s health. Yet the content was limited, and none was found on factors related to discrimination based on ethnicity or origin.
Conclusion
Guidance related to promoting the health of children who have migrated or whose parents have migrated should include all factors affecting these children’s health. Therefore, to strengthen school nurses’ evidence-based practice, guideline development might be needed, although guidelines and health questionnaires exist and include content on many factors related to migration affecting the health of children in order to provide equitable healthcare for all children, regardless of country of origin.
... Enhancing the psychosocial well-being of college students is thus paramount important to build and maintain students' mental strength and physical health such that they can power through the university lives that can be rife with struggles. Scholars have shown that students of different ethnicities report different levels of psychological well-being (Harding et al., 2015). However, this kind of research tends to focus on a bounded national context; the ways in which students from different ethnic contexts perceive their psychosocial well-being are relatively under-examined. ...
This paper aims to provide comparative insights into the psychosocial well-being of Hong Kong and Kazakhstan undergraduate students, focusing specifically on the role of ethnicity and gender. The existing body of literature on students’ health-promoting lifestyle has shown how age, gender, income level, sociability, and knowledge of health can shape one’s perception of physical and mental well-being. Much lesser attention, however, has been paid to the ways in which students from diverse ethnic origins differ from each other in cultivating different dimensions of psychosocial well-being. To address this issue, this study delivered questionnaires to 284 undergraduate students from Hong Kong and 281 undergraduate students from Kazakhstan. Developed from the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II, the questionnaire is designed to measure undergraduate’s psychosocial well-being threefold. Using independent sample t-test, this paper shows that Hong Kong undergraduate students have higher levels of psychosocial well-being in terms of “interpersonal relations” and “stress management” whereas Kazakhstan undergraduate students are stronger in another dimension of well-being – “spiritual growth”. Results show that the influence of gender on students’ psychosocial well-being varies in different contexts. One of the important implications of these findings suggests that school administrators and students from different countries may benefit from cross-cultural exchange, co-promoting all dimensions of psychosocial well-being.
... For example, a parent may or may not have attained a secondary/high school diploma yet have attained considerable distance and technology-based informal learning (Latchem, 2014). Informal education may be insufficiently represented in the sociodemographic variable of maternal education; the quality of this sociodemographic variable has long been called into question (Alderman & Headey, 2017;Harding et al., 2015). Rather than formal education, the executive functioning or cognitive capacities of parents may sometimes be a better proxy for SES (Cuevas et al., 2014;Walhovd et al., 2022). ...
Purpose: We reviewed how Social Determinants of Health relate to health inequities and disparities for Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) programs. Then, we examined links between specific sociodemographic factors (maternal age, maternal education, race/ethnicity) and hearing screening and diagnostic audiology follow-up for newborns in the United States and its territories. Methods: Maternal demographic, hearing screening, and diagnostic data extracted from publicly available Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) records were reported to CDC by personnel responsible for EHDI programs. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance and multiple regression techniques. Results: Results showed no significant differences in screening follow-up outcomes for maternal age, education, or race/ ethnicity. There was a significant difference for maternal education and race/ethnicity for diagnostic follow-up outcomes, but not for maternal age. Conclusion: Results of this study are consistent with the findings of previous studies regarding hearing screening follow-up and diagnostic audiologic follow-up outcomes. Maternal education and race/ethnicity were linked to hearing diagnostic audiologic follow-up for newborns in the United States and its territories. Suggestions for future research, policy, and practice to improve the effectiveness of EHDI efforts are provided. Acknowledgements: We have no conflicts of interest to disclose. No funding was received for this project.
... Nevertheless, there is a paucity of longitudinal UK wide studies exploring the interrelationships between ACEs, ethnicity, and markers of socioeconomic position on adolescent drug use. For instance, little is known about whether the social and cultural advantages conferred by some minority ethnic backgrounds (Bhui et al., 2012;Harding et al., 2015;Read et al., 2018) (e.g. religious affiliation, peer social networks associated with attendance at a place of worship or cross-cultural friendships) could mitigate against the detrimental effects of ACEs on adolescent drug use (one way of conceptualising resilience). ...
Rationale: There is a paucity of prospective UK studies exploring the role of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) on adolescent teenage drug use and even less is known about the complex interplay between ACEs and adolescent social, demographic, and economic characteristics. To address these gaps, we use rich longitudinal data from the nationally representative Millennium Cohort Study.
Methods: Sex-stratified survey logistic regression modelling was applied using data from 9,476 adolescents and their parents to examine associations between ACEs between ages 3 and 14 years and drug use at ages 14 and 17 years. We a) explore the extent to which associations are robust to adjustment for ethnicity, family income, parental social class, and parental education, b) examine whether associations differ by these factors, and c) estimate the proportion of drug use at ages 14 and 17 years attributable to ACEs after controlling for these factors.
Results: Half of MCS cohort members had been exposed to at least one ACE and approximately 1 in 11 were exposed to 3+ ACEs. Multivariable analyses suggest that ACEs were associated with a higher likelihood of drug use at age 14 than age 17, especially for girls. No evidence was found that either advantaged socio-economic position or ethnicity acted as a buffer against the negative effects of ACEs in relation to adolescent drug use. Finally, we found that prevention of exposure to sexual violence, bullying and violence within the household (if causal) is more important for girls’ drug use at age 14 than age 17.
Conclusions: ACEs are associated with adolescent drug use with potential consequences on wider aspects of young people’s lives, regardless of their social, ethnic, or economic background, adding further urgency to the need to reduce the incidence of these negative experiences.
... Ethnic minority children must be empowered to know and claim their rights. Strong within-group ties are important for developing wider social capital and resistance to racism within ethnically diverse communities 223,265,266 . Several reports have highlighted the need for more community 'safe spaces' that can buffer the impact of interpersonal racism for ethnic minority children and young people 107,223 . ...
This chapter is about the experiences of disadvantaged children in the north during the pandemic lockdown, and how it has impacted on their education.
... Similar observations have been made in east London, where bullying and social support from families was found to be more important for mental health, whatever the participants' ethnicity or culturally influenced friendship choices [11]. Experience of racism was an adverse influence, whereas family relationships, religious participation, and ethnically diverse friendships were protective influences for young people from all ethnic backgrounds across London [26]. ...
The relationship between ethnicity and adolescent mental health was investigated using cross-sectional data from the nationally representative UK Millennium Cohort Study.
Parental Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire reports identified mental health problems in 10,357 young people aged 14 (n = 2042 from ethnic minority backgrounds: Mixed n = 492, Indian n = 275, Pakistani n = 496, Bangladeshi n = 221, Black Caribbean n = 102, Black African n = 187, Other Ethnic Group n = 269). Univariable logistic regression models investigated associations between each factor and outcome; a bivariable model investigated whether household income explained differences by ethnicity, and a multivariable model additionally adjusted for factors of social support (self-assessed support, parental relationship), participation (socialising, organised activities, religious attendance), and adversity (bullying, victimisation, substance use). Results were stratified by sex as evidence of a sex/ethnicity interaction was found (P = 0.0002).
There were lower unadjusted odds for mental health problems in boys from Black African (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.04–0.61) and Indian backgrounds (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.21–0.86) compared to White peers. After adjustment for income, odds were lower in boys from Black African (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.02–0.38), Indian (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.21–0.77), and Pakistani (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.27–0.89) backgrounds, and girls from Bangladeshi (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.05–0.65) and Pakistani (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.41–0.99) backgrounds. After further adjustment for social support, participation, and adversity factors, only boys from a Black African background had lower odds (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.03–0.71) of mental health problems.
Household income confounded lower prevalence of mental health problems in some young people from Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds; findings suggest ethnic differences are partly but not fully accounted for by income, social support, participation, and adversity. Addressing income inequalities and socially focused interventions may protect against mental health problems irrespective of ethnicity.
... Similar observations have been made in east London, where bullying and social support from families was found to be more important for mental health, whatever the participants' ethnicity or culturally influenced friendship choices [11]. Experience of racism was an adverse influence, whereas family relationships, religious participation, and ethnically diverse friendships were protective influences for young people from all ethnic backgrounds across London [26]. ...
Purpose
The relationship between ethnicity and adolescent mental health was investigated using cross-sectional data from the nationally representative UK Millennium Cohort Study.
Methods
Parental Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire reports identified mental health problems in 10,357 young people aged 14 (n = 2042 from ethnic minority backgrounds: Mixed n = 492, Indian n = 275, Pakistani n = 496, Bangladeshi n = 221, Black Caribbean n = 102, Black African n = 187, Other Ethnic Group n = 269). Univariable logistic regression models investigated associations between each factor and outcome; a bivariable model investigated whether household income explained differences by ethnicity, and a multivariable model additionally adjusted for factors of social support (self-assessed support, parental relationship), participation (socialising, organised activities, religious attendance), and adversity (bullying, victimisation, substance use). Results were stratified by sex as evidence of a sex/ethnicity interaction was found (P = 0.0002).
Results
There were lower unadjusted odds for mental health problems in boys from Black African (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.04–0.61) and Indian backgrounds (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.21–0.86) compared to White peers. After adjustment for income, odds were lower in boys from Black African (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.02–0.38), Indian (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.21–0.77), and Pakistani (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.27–0.89) backgrounds, and girls from Bangladeshi (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.05–0.65) and Pakistani (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.41–0.99) backgrounds. After further adjustment for social support, participation, and adversity factors, only boys from a Black African background had lower odds (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.03–0.71) of mental health problems.
Conclusions
Household income confounded lower prevalence of mental health problems in some young people from Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds; findings suggest ethnic differences are partly but not fully accounted for by income, social support, participation, and adversity. Addressing income inequalities and socially focused interventions may protect against mental health problems irrespective of ethnicity.
