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The Culture Iceberg Metaphor The external, or conscious, part of culture is what we can see and is the tip of the iceberg and includes behaviors and some beliefs. The internal, or subconscious, part of culture is below the surface of a society and includes some beliefs and the values and thought patterns that underlie behavior.
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... First the paper will review some of the studies reflecting the important focus on culture awareness in modern language education, a shift that reflects increased awareness of the inseparability of the two even before the National Standards, as well as those after it. Then the author will introduce research articles that discuss numerous challenges (Ikeguchi, 2021) of teaching culture, as well as several attempts outlining solutions to the problem. One running theme remains obvious throughout the extensive discussions: The teaching of culture has not been effective, and scholars have been searching for ways culture could be effectively taught to achieve its goals in the classroom. ...
