Table 1
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One of the main concerns of our society is certainly environmental protection. The international efforts for maintaining a clean environment are various and this paper refers to the efforts in the maritime transport field. The subject of our study is the concept of Energy Efficiency Operational Index (EEOI), developed to provide ship-owners with as...
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Context 1
... (C) has an atomic weight of 12.011, while Hydrogen (H) has an atomic weight of 1. This yields carbon with a mass fraction limited to the range of 85% to 87.5%, where diesel oil is in the higher % range and heavy fuel in the lower % range [5] (see Table 1). When combusted hydrocarbons react with oxygen (O 2 ), which has an atomic weight of 15.9994 then for each CO 2 one C is needed. ...
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Citations
... Typically, the SFC ranges from 0.16 kg/kWh to 0.24 kg/kWh [11,48,[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67]. An average SFC of 0.2 kg/kWh is used by default. ...
Air pollution is a leading cause of death worldwide, and it has a profound impact on the planet's climate and ecosystems. A substantial portion of air pollution is attributable to Ocean Going Vessels (OGVs). In light of this, international regulations have been put in place to mitigate air pollutant emissions from OGVs. While studies have indicated that these regulations can create significant health, environmental, and economic benefits, there remains a research gap regarding their specific impact on enhancing air quality. The aim of this study is to investigate how the implemented regulations have affected air quality in the Southern North Sea. The study found that the international regulations on ship emissions have successfully led to a decline in SO 2 emissions from OGVs in the Southern North Sea, which resulted in a reduction of ambient SO 2 concentrations inland, leading to positive effects on public health and the environment. However, the proportion of shipping's contribution to SO 2 emissions is projected to increase in the future. Moreover, the study revealed that the use of Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems (EGCS) presents significant concerns. They were more frequently found to be non-compliant, and, more alarmingly, they emit higher mean levels of SO 2. It also emerged that international regulations in the southern North Sea have less of an impact on the reduction of NO x emissions from OGVs than expected, which is all the more important given that NO x emissions from OGVs are expected to account for 40% of the total domestic NO x emissions for the northern region of Belgium by 2030.
... KgHFO [22]. To understand the amount of social cost of carbon avoided, the cost amount for 1 tonne of CO 2 emission is taken as $54 [23]. ...
The Covid-19 pandemic has been affective throughout every sector globally. Northern Cyprus economy depends on mostly tourism and the education sectors which announced closure after the hit of Covid-19. On the other hand, the island is highly dependent on unsustainable fossil fuels, but there is gradual increase in the installation of Photovoltaic systems in last years which support sustainable power capacity. The aim of the paper is to study changes in electricity production and load profiles before and during the pandemic under the influence of increasing Photovoltaic systems in small islands with isolated grids. Real-time data was used to conduct year-on-year analysis in order to show the impact of COVID-19 in Northern Cyprus. Results showed that the closure of hotels and education affected the electricity production by a decrease of 21.44% in April 2020. Reduction in the power sector remained above 20% until the end of June 2020 and 10% for the remaining months. Compared to 2019 the total annual production dropped to 1.5 TWh which was eqivalent to a drop of 9.6%. Weekly YOY analysis suggested that on the day with the lowest production, during the day, the hourly productions drop as much as 51.28% under complete lockdown conditions. During noon time, where the production via photovoltaic systems are at peak, prior the last two years before Covid-19, conventional power productions were around 132 MW. Between 2019 and April 2021, an addition of 60 MW PV capacity and the loss of half of the power productions resulting from Covid showed that the grid would go under complete blackout. These findings show, due to the high reliability on tourism and higher education sector the recovery periods of electricity in islands tend to be longer than developed countries. Another finding is the decrease in electricity consumption in the service sector,an important consumer and locomotive on the island, where the average decrease is 8.5% above the world average.
... В сучасних умовах зростаючий інтерес до впливу судноплавства на навколишнє середовище обумовлює значний ступінь актуальності цього питання і характеризується збільшенням наукових публікацій, присвячених дослідженням, заходам, ініціативам, політиці, спрямованим на зменшення його негативних наслідків [2,3]. Проблеми забезпечення енергоефективності (дослідження засобів та методів управління суднами, впровадження інноваційних методик для розрахунків показників енергоефективності суден [4][5][6]) поряд з підвищенням вимог до забезпечення екологічної безпеки транспорту (використання альтернативних видів палива [7,8,10]) та посилення відповідальності судновласників [9,10] стають центральними об'єктами досліджень сучасної теорії і практики експлуатації засобів морського транспорту [2]. ...
... As Acomi demonstrates in his study [41], there are many variables that influence these emissions from vessels (state of the engines, age, conditions, etc.), but the fuel used to power the engines will be a decisive factor both for the calculation of the tons discharged into the atmosphere and for operating costs. According to Corbett [36], the imposition of limits to reduce the speed of ships and thus emissions near ports could save 8300 lives annually and alleviate the respiratory diseases of 3 million people in the US. ...
Society and its leaders are increasingly aware of the need to fight climate change and CO2 emissions in the search for sustainability. Maritime transport and ports are important sources of pollution and, while industry and the rest of the large-scale emitters have achieved considerable reductions in this area, “shipping” is still not advancing at the same rate, falling behind in this race. The aim of this article is to underline the importance of an early implementation of On-Shore Power Supply (OPS), Cold Ironing (CI) or Alternative Marine Power (AMP) by making a study of potentially avoidable CO2 emissions from vessels docked (on the basis of the EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] and ENTEC [Environmental Engineering Consultancy, an environmental and engineering consultancy in UK] methods) close to urban areas in the Port of Santander (Spain). It is the first time potential reductions have been calculated for the last 11 years (2011–2021), distinguishing yearly emissions per type of vessel and providing real information to port authorities to prioritize the installation of this technological basis for the operation of piers/terminals to optimize investments and outcomes. In this case study, results demonstrate the outcomes of ROROs, ferries, and cruises being the first target of OPS implementation (reaching total of 37.95% of total emitted tons of CO2 during the period of study). As a clear conclusion to this paper, the reader can understand the enormous and growing potential of this technology multiplied by the continuous development, increase and implementation of green energies.
... Based on literature and public engine data, the SFC can generally be found between 0.16 kg/kWh and 0.24 kg/kWh (Acomi and Cristian Acomi, 2014;Asariotis et al., 2020;Balzani Lööv et al., 2014;Berg et al., 2012;Cheng et al., 2017;Faber et al., 2021;MAN, 2014aMAN, , 2014bPirjola et al., 2014;WINGD, 2016WINGD, , 2017. ...
Along the worldwide tightening of standards for sulphur emission from ocean going vessels (OGVs) come actions that are also being taken to reduce nitrogen emission. Particularly, as a milestone in this regard, on January 1st, 2021 the NOx Emission Control Area (NECA) for the North Sea and Baltic Sea came into effect. In response to the newly established NECA, the sniffer sensor system on the Belgian coastguard aircraft was modified and extended with a NOx sensor. Moreover, a methodology was developed to evaluate OGV compliance to the NOx emission limits through in situ measurements of the plume exhaust. The quality and uncertainty of the measurements demonstrate that it is likely to achieve an effective compliance monitoring of the NOx emission standards on the sea. Those emission standards are further divided into four tiers depending on the keel laying date. As has been proved by the results, NOx emissions for Tier II OGVs, contrary to what might be expected, are on average higher than those for Tier I OGVs. What is even more problematic, Tier II OGVs have also more often been found to be non-compliant than Tier I OGVs.
... The models are compared for their normalised RMSE and R-values to allow for performance comparison between models. The results presented in Tables 3-7 Engine power kW Y 1 Nitrogen monoxide (NO) ppm Y 2 Nitrogen dioxides (NO 2 ) ppm Y 3 Nitrogen oxides (NO X ) ppm Y 4 Carbon monoxide (CO) ppm Y 5 Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) ppm Y 6 Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) ppm The agreement between the predicted and actual emissions for two of the models is more accurate than the others. The berthing phase values are for vessel 1 only as vessel 2 was recorded using its auxiliary engine rather than its main engine. ...
The objective of this study is to develop a shipping emission inventory model incorporating Machine Learning (ML) tools to estimate gaseous emissions. The tools enhance the emission inventories which currently rely on emission factors. The current inventories apply varied methodologies to estimate emissions with mixed accuracy. Comprehensive Bottom-up approach have the potential to provide very accurate results but require quality input. ML models have proven to be an accurate method of predicting responses for a set of data, with emission inventories an area unexplored with ML algorithms. Five ML models were applied to the emission data with the best-fit model judged based on comparing the real mean square errors and the R-values of each model. The primary gases studied are from a vessel measurement campaign in three modes of operation; berthing, manoeuvring, and cruising. The manoeuvring phase was identified as key for model selection for which two models performed best.
... Therefore, it might be seen that there is no significant difference in EEOI values obtained by travelling on the two routes under observation as the ratio of fuel consumption and distance sailed remains constant in the index even though the values of fuel mass to CO 2 conversion factor changes that is if the distance sailed increases the fuel consumption also increases in a commensurate manner such that it compensates to yield a ratio that is similar to the ratio yielded over smaller fuel consumption and distance. However, real constraints such as maintenance, equipment life and corrosion may cause a variation in the observed value and change the operational factor thereby causing a variation in the emissions as at times older engines emit more hazardous substances (Acomi & Cristian, 2014). ...
As the maritime industry forms the common means of heavy freight transportation, the efficient and strategic management of sea routes from an economic and environmental perspective has become a major concern to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs). By applying marine engineering principles and quantifying metrics such as energy efficiency design index/existing vessel design index, energy efficiency operational index, carbon footprints, fuel consumption, voyage times and emission this study aims to explore the merits of the Indo-Sri Lankan shipping canal project over the existing route circumnavigating Sri Lanka. The quantification was performed by studying the design and operational indices of marine vessels, based on the metrics considering the major ports in India. The socio-political, environmental and economic benefits reported in this study advocates the significance of this route to the maritime industry in meeting SDGs.
... In this method, Carbon content of the fuel and hourly fuel consumption data are necessary. Carbon content of marine diesel oil and marine gas oil is 0.875 (Acomi and Acomi, 2014 C is the mass of the Carbon in the fuel and reaction energy produced QC. When we convert units of the equation to kilograms, that yields Equation 6. Equation 7 shows when the amount of the burnt C is "c" kg. ...
... In this method, Carbon content of the fuel and hourly fuel consumption data are necessary. Carbon content of marine diesel oil and marine gas oil is 0.875 (Acomi and Acomi, 2014 C is the mass of the Carbon in the fuel and reaction energy produced QC. When we convert units of the equation to kilograms, that yields Equation 6. Equation 7 shows when the amount of the burnt C is "c" kg. ...
Cities, whose emergence dates back to ancient times and whose formation has accelerated with the settlement, are the largest settlements where human communities live. Cities develop from the past to the present, and this is caused by more than one
factor. Some of these factors are considered as natural factors such as landforms and climatic conditions, and some as human factors such as agriculture, industry and service sectors. Factors in both groups are determinant in the population of cities, and all of these play an important role in the development of cities from the past to the present. Considering a city developed in terms of human factors; It is seen that there are many jobs and other opportunities and these increase the attractiveness of the city. This situation causes migration to occur and the population to increase. The increasing population, on the other hand, creates some needs and progress is being made
in areas such as industry, trade and education in order to meet these needs. Considering all these, it is obvious that the population factor is directly related to the development of the city and many parameters that affect this factor can be mentioned. Demographic factors are taken into consideration, evaluated the development level of cities in Turkey. In this case, it is understood that the effect degree of many parameters that the population factor depends on may differ from city to city. In order to examine this situation, it may be possible to handle the changes that occur depending on the location of the parameters and to map the resulting distribution by using spatial analysis techniques. Using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) method in this context, which can work in integration with Geographical Information Systems (GIS), will allow spatial relationships to be explored and modeled.
In this study, Geographically Weighted Regression method was used. GWR, one of the spatial statistical methods; It enables the location-dependent relationships of a situation to be investigated and the effects of factors affecting this situation to be predicted
positionally. The method uses a weighting scheme for each of the factors considered; It enables the determination of which parameters are determinative on the situation to be investigated and to observe the effects of these parameters depending on the location on the studied area by modeling them.
Population factor, which determines the development of cities, as dependent variable; Factors such as migration, industry, tourism, agriculture, education, health, transportation, employment were determined as independent variables. In order to examine how the dependent variable is affected by the independent variables, it is aimed to create a model using the GWR method. The results obtained with the model, the effects of the independent variables on the dependent variables was investigated on all cities in Turkey
spatially. At the same time, it is purposed to obtain the spatial pattern of these variables in the cities of our country.
Using with GWR method in this study , the determining factors on Turkey’s population have been identified. Then, with these factors, the most suitable model representing the country’s population was created. The influence level of the factors in the created
model on each city is modeled spatially. The development levels of the cities were examined with the results. Results are presented with maps produced using Geographical Information Systems via ArcGIS software. It is thought that the results will add a different perspective to the studies on spatial analysis.
... Actually, the IMO has issued a number of regulations to limit the shipping emissions, such as the technical, operational, and market-based policies. There are many studies that discussed the technical (Ančićn and Šestan 2015;Tzannatos and Stournaras 2014;Ekanem Attah and Bucknall 2015) and operational policies (Acomi and Acomi 2014;Lu et al. 2015;Sun et al. 2013) in restraining emissions. Meanwhile, lots of studies investigated the feasibility of implementing the market-based policies (Wang, Fu, and Luo 2015;Lee, Chang, and Lee 2013;Shi 2016;Heitmann and Khalilian 2011). ...
Many policies and practical measures have been designed for emission reduction in shipping. Many have studied their contribution to emission reduction and impacts on the shipping industry without considering their interactions. This study analyzes how a change in one policy or measure affect the others using a system pulse model. The results suggest that the factors influencing shipping emissions are inter-dependent, and the developed systematic shipping emission model fluctuates periodically. We find that slow steaming is actually not effective in emission reduction in the long-run as it impacts the implementation of other policies. It poses a high demand for the adoption of the EEDI (Energy Efficiency Design Index) policy so as to promote the application of advanced technologies in the shipbuilding process. It also suggests that although the implementation of the EEDI policy can promote the adoption of the EEOI (Energy Efficiency Operating Index) policy, the EEOI policy actually relieves the demand for the EEDI policy.
