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![Fig. 1: The CO2-NH3-H2O system as described by the Thomsen model [7].](profile/Matteo-Gazzani/publication/319196113/figure/fig1/AS:533643246669824@1504241872081/The-CO2-NH3-H2O-system-as-described-by-the-Thomsen-model-7_Q320.jpg)
This article gives an overview of our holistic approach for the optimization of the Chilled Ammonia Process by (i) understanding the thermodynamics and kinetics of solid formation in the CO2-NH3-H2O system and finding criticalities with respect to solid formation in the process, and by (ii) exploiting solid formation to reduce the energy penalty of...
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The CO2 injected into deep formations during implementation of carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) technology may leak and migrate into shallow aquifers or ground surfaces through a variety of pathways over a long period. The leaked CO2 can threaten shallow environments as well as human health. Therefore, almost all monitoring programs f...
As the major greenhouse gas emission, releasing CO2 through human activities has already devastating consequences on the planet. In this context, hydrate-based (HB) techniques in favour of CO2 capture, sequestration, or utilization (CCSU) are perceived to be a novel option to arrest increasing concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere. The end uses o...
The best solution to the main environmental problem seems to be CO2 capture to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The activated carbons derived from biomass have attracted extensive attention as solid adsorbent for carbon dioxide capture process. In this work, we focus on examining the properties of biochar (non-activated porous carbon) produced from...
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... This process consists of the CO 2 absorption from flue gas at temperatures ranging from 0 to 10 • C using ammonia as solvent [36]. Based on this process, Sutter et al. proposed the Controlled Solid Formation-Chilled Ammonia Process (CSF-CAP) in which solid formation, separation, and dissolution of solids contributes to the cleanliness of both the absorber and stripper units [37]. ...
... Subsequently, the formed suspension is segregated through a hydricyclone, yielding a concentrated slurry that is directed toward the regeneration process. The clear solution is recirculated to the absorber [37]. ...
... The primary distinction of this approach from CFS-CAP lies in the acquisition of Ambic as an economically valuable product. Upon slurry formation and separation of the clear solution within the hydrocyclone, the dissolved solid content is solubilized and directed towards the regeneration stage [37]. In the CRY configuration, the slurry is not dissolved, instead, Ambic is produced for subsequent utilization. ...
... Moreover, the escaping NH 3 in gas phase may also react with CO 2 to form solids (NH 3 salt crystals) in the presence of water at low temperatures, which will result in the blockage of valves and pipes at the regeneration section and decrease the solvent NH 3 concentration Ma et al. 2016b;Shuangchen et al. 2015;Lillia et al. 2019). Sutter et al. (2017) designed a chilled ammonia process that could avoid the solid formation and inhibit the NH 3 loss. In addition, Sutter et al. (2016) proposed an improved chilled ammonia process that utilized the solid ammonium bicarbonate formed in the regeneration section for increasing the CO 2 concentration in the product stream. ...
Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere is inducing global warming, ocean acidification, polar ice melting, rise in sea level, droughts and hurricanes, thus threatening human health and the global economy. Therefore, there is a need to develop cost-effective technologies for CO2 capture. For instance, solution absorption is promising due to a large processing capacity, high flexibility and reliability, and rich experience in engineering applications. Nonetheless, actual commercial solutions, solvents and processes for CO2 capture suffer from slow reaction kinetics, low absorption capacity, high-energy consumption, susceptibility to corrosion, toxicity, low stability and high costs. Therefore, current research focuses on developing more economical, effective, green and sustainable technologies. Here we review 2015–2020 findings on CO2 capture using liquid absorption methods. Methods are based on various solutions, solvents and processes such as carbonate solution, ammonia solution, amine-based solution, ionic liquid, amino acid salt, phase changing absorbent, microcapsulated and membrane absorption, nanofluids and phenoxide salt solution. We discuss absorption performance, absorption mechanism, enhancement pathways and challenges. Amine- and NH3-based absorbents are widely used, yet they are limited by high regeneration energy, corrosiveness and degradation, reagent loss and secondary pollution caused by NH3 escape. Phase changing absorbents are getting more attention due to their lower cost and lower energy penalty. The incorporation of membrane and microencapsulation technologies to absorbing solvents could enhance CO2 absorption performance by reducing corrosion and increasing selectivity. Adding nanoparticles to solvents could improve CO2 absorption performance and reduce energy requirement. Besides, solvent blends and promoter-improved solvents performed better than single and non-promoted solvents because they combine the benefits of individual solvents and promoters.
... This chapter highlights the different types of solvent which were investigated as possible solvents for carbon capture and subsequent utilization of carbon dioxide, such as amines (Yoo et al. 2018;Sha et al. 2018;Kang et al. 2017;Guo et al. 2016;Arti et al. 2017;Park et al. 2016;Zhao et al. 2015;Kang et al. 2014;Dindi et al. 2014;Park et al. 2013), strong bases Wee 2016, 2017;Han et al. 2011), weak bases Kozak et al. 2009;Sutter et al. 2017), ionic liquids (Kumar et al. 2017;, and amino acid salts (Shen et al. 2017). Depending on the medium used during carbon dioxide capture as well as reagents added, the main products that can be obtained through subsequent utilization are carbonates and carbamates. ...
... During the carbon dioxide absorption process, the absorbents were directly converted into solid carbamate salts in a non-aqueous environment. Other than organic medium, inorganic carbonates can be instantaneously generated through a one-pot reaction when solvents, such as calcium hydroxide (Han et al. 2011) and aqueous ammonia (Sutter et al. 2017) are used as absorbents for carbon dioxide capture. Cyclic carbonates were also generated through the addition of epoxides into ionic liquids by using a one-step reaction (Kumar et al. 2017;). ...
... This chapter highlights the different types of solvent which were investigated as possible solvents for carbon capture and subsequent utilization of carbon dioxide, such as amines ( Yoo et al. 2018;Sha et al. 2018;Kang et al. 2017;Guo et al. 2016;Arti et al. 2017;Park et al. 2016;Zhao et al. 2015;Kang et al. 2014;Dindi et al. 2014;Park et al. 2013), strong bases Wee 2016, 2017;Han et al. 2011), weak bases ( Kozak et al. 2009;Sutter et al. 2017), ionic liquids ( Kumar et al. 2017;, and amino acid salts (Shen et al. 2017). Depending on the medium used during carbon dioxide capture as well as reagents added, the main products that can be obtained through subsequent utilization are carbonates and carbamates. ...
Healthy soils ensure food security through sustainable agricultural production and also support in mitigating the climate change hazardous like global warming and greenhouse gases emission. However, the anthropogenic distresses of global carbon cycle cause serious risks of global warming due to the rise in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Alkaline soils occupy around one-third of the land but contain only a small quantity of soil organic carbon which is crucial in sustaining soil health and productivity. The mismanagement and misuse of alkaline soils result in soil erosion, poor soil productivity, lower water retention, weak soil biodiversity, and desertification which ultimately cause a substantial loss of soil organic carbon. These soils have pronounced capacity of carbon sequestration which requires proper management and land use practices. The adoption of conservation tillage, crop rotation, cover crops, and organic amendments can minimize soil erosion and enhance soil quality. Additionally, these practices compared with conventional operations can enhance soil quality and water retention and reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. The fallowing of lands must be discouraged because appropriate vegetative cover promotes carbon storage in alkaline soils.
... This chapter highlights the different types of solvent which were investigated as possible solvents for carbon capture and subsequent utilization of carbon dioxide, such as amines ( Yoo et al. 2018;Sha et al. 2018;Kang et al. 2017;Guo et al. 2016;Arti et al. 2017;Park et al. 2016;Zhao et al. 2015;Kang et al. 2014;Dindi et al. 2014;Park et al. 2013), strong bases Wee 2016, 2017;Han et al. 2011), weak bases ( Kozak et al. 2009;Sutter et al. 2017), ionic liquids ( Kumar et al. 2017;, and amino acid salts (Shen et al. 2017). Depending on the medium used during carbon dioxide capture as well as reagents added, the main products that can be obtained through subsequent utilization are carbonates and carbamates. ...
The causes of global warming have been subject of controversy, especially in the last 50–100 years. There has been a remarkable effort by the international scientific community to reduce the amounts of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere. It is well known that the CO2 capture step accounts for around 60–70% of the whole cost of the carbon capture and storage (CCS) chain. Although some CO2 capture technologies have been proposed, chemical absorption and adsorption are currently the most suitable ones for post-combustion capture in power plants.
... When increasing the ratio of the side stream to the total circulating flow rate at a fixed amount of washing water over 50%, the temperature of absorption column can be decreased more than ∼5°C and the NH 3 slip concentration can be reduced to less than ∼100 ppm. Based on their previous work [128], Sutter et al. [133] proposed a chilled ammonia process to avoid the precipitation of the solids and to inhibit the ammonia escape, as shown in Fig. 10. A pump around is considered for both the CO 2 absorber and ammonia absorber, by which a friction of the rich stream leaving from the column was cooled and recycled to the absorber directly. ...
