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Currently, we are on the brink of a period of fundamental change for the healthcare expertise of specialists, i.e., existing know-how becomes less available to patients. One of the main reasons is an economic problem: most people and organisations cannot afford the services of first-rate professionals; and most economies are struggling to sustain t...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... shown in Figure 2, the consultation process starts when a patient enters the doctor's room. The patient describes health complains, their history and biography. ...
Context 2
... the system decides that the current patient's case is common, then mapping results are analyzed and if the clinical decision is available recommendations are provided to the patient. In case there is no clinical decision available and the patient's case is not typical, then the consultation process continues with a doctor, as shown in Figure 2. ...
Context 3
... shown in Figure 2, the consultation process starts when a patient enters the doctor's room. The patient describes health complains, their history and biography. ...
Context 4
... the system decides that the current patient's case is common, then mapping results are analyzed and if the clinical decision is available recommendations are provided to the patient. In case there is no clinical decision available and the patient's case is not typical, then the consultation process continues with a doctor, as shown in Figure 2. ...
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Citations
... In our scholarly article published in 2019, we elucidate the economic and financial predicaments of the healthcare system and scrutinize the potential of blockchain technology to facilitate decentralized and patient-oriented systems. 6 In a patient-centric system, individuals are responsible for generating and administering their data, while healthcare providers employ these data in their procedures instead of possessing them. The issue of transparent data exchange is illustrated by Norta and colleagues. ...
Integrating personal health records (PHRs) and electronic health records (EHRs) facilitates the provision of novel services to individuals, researchers, and healthcare practitioners. Simultaneously, integrating healthcare data leads to complexities arising from the structural and semantic heterogeneity within the data. The subject of healthcare data evokes strong emotions due to concerns surrounding privacy breaches. Blockchain technology is employed to address the issue of patient data privacy in inter-organizational processes, as it facilitates patient data ownership and promotes transparency in its usage. At the same time, blockchain technology creates new challenges for e-healthcare systems, such as data privacy, observability, and online enforceability. This article proposes designing and formalizing automatic conflict resolution techniques in decentralized e-healthcare systems. The present study expounds upon our concepts by employing a running case study centered around preventive and personalized healthcare domains.
Plain Language Summary
This paper suggests using blockchain technology for privacy concerns in integrating personal health records and electronic health records in decentralized e-healthcare systems. This report focuses on designing automatic conflict resolution techniques to ensure patient data ownership, transparency, and privacy in inter-organizational processes. This paper proposes designing automatic conflict resolution techniques in decentralized e-healthcare systems, which can improve inter-organizational processes in healthcare. Using blockchain technology to integrate personal and electronic health records can ensure patient data ownership and promote transparency in data usage, addressing privacy concerns in healthcare systems. This paper emphasizes the importance of data privacy and protection in healthcare systems, highlighting the need for compliance with laws and regulations. The research results, including the proof-of-concept prototype, can provide practical insights into implementing conflict resolution techniques in decentralized e-healthcare systems.
... This condition is directly implemented in the code of the contract for automatic execution. Peer-to-peer (P2P) cooperation can be governed by well-defined protocols that smart contracts add to blockchains [13]. Generally, the main goal is to use the blockchain to digitally enable and enforce verifiable contract conversations between two participating parties [9]. ...
The effective management of medical records is essential in the ordinary and emergency operations of healthcare providers. This work uses blockchain to develop a smart contract algorithm for users of a medical record platform. This algorithm provides immutable execution and addresses authentication and reliability issues to control access to healthcare platforms. An executable distributed code is used to build the smart contract algorithm. In the proposed algorithm, management operations of the clinical history are carried out and integrated in an automated way in a distributed environment. Solidity is the programming language used to create the algorithm for a private and permissioned architecture with a proposed consensus algorithm requiring significantly less computational power using a 22% faster hash function.
... Citation [9] predicts the emergence of a new category of personalized preventive health coaches who use the skills and the ability to interpret and understand health-and well-being data. In our paper [19], we define the healthcare system's economical-and financial problems and investigate the usage of blockchain technology to support decentralized and patient-centered systems. In a patient-centered system, a person creates and manages his data while healthcare providers use it in their processes instead of owning it. ...
Despite the great potential for healthcare professionals, individuals , and researchers, integrating healthcare information from personal health records (PHR) and electronic health records (EHR) systems is complicated because of structural-and semantic heterogeneity and-privacy. Blockchain technology enables a patient's data privacy, transparency, and immutability in cross-organizational processes where a patient regulates access to his data and is aware of its usage. Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) enable people to coordinate and govern themselves mediated by a set of self-executing rules deployed on a public blockchain and whose governance is decentralized. However, in cross-organizational healthcare processes, health data is collected and shared by humans and smart devices that require strong authentication mechanisms. At the same time, e-health cross-organizational processes are complicated, resulting in the different stakeholders' business rules conflicts. In this technical report, we formally evaluate the e-health privacy conflict-resolution process for integrating personal-and electronic health records in e-health cross-organization blockchain-based processes.
... Such multi-dimension information exchange between different organizations requires security and transparency of data exchanged. Current systems that support inter-organizational collaborations are centralized, not interoperable and insecure [17,22]. Due to insecurity, access control cannot be enforced on shared data and due to centralization, activities of collaborating parties cannot be independently verified. ...
... In other domains, such as healthcare and supply chains, all assets have complex statuses, rules, and complex associations. These assets are also allowed to be held and traded by more than one person, and the execution of the transaction refers to multiple assets and other objects [14,15]. The consistency problem of these assets involves the prevention of the double-spending problem and the predictable and deterministic transaction execution sequence in the concurrency case. ...
An increasing number of physical assets, such as academic certificates and credentials, are being represented in the form of digital assets. These assets always involve multiple statuses, rules, and complex associations. It is challenging to determine the transaction execution order using the existing blockchains because they lack the ability to record and execute associations between assets, which results in problems of inconsistency of assets, such as the loss of asset status changes and status conflict between transactions. This study proposes a blockchain-native mechanism supporting complex physical assets, including a novel digital asset model and transaction validity guarantee protocol. Under the premise of ensuring safety and performance, the proposed mechanism can fully describe different associations and their influence on the transaction execution order. This study builds a global deterministic transaction execution sequence that can be executed in parallel to guarantee the consistency of complex digital assets based on partial orders. Theoretical analysis of the proposed mechanism demonstrates that it can guarantee digital asset consistency and can protect against attacks such as reentrant and transaction sequence attacks. Furthermore, experiments show that the proposed mechanism can achieve a transaction execution speed of up to 10,000 transactions per second, and this speed can be further increased by increasing the number of CPU cores.
... Such multi-dimension information exchange between different organizations requires security and transparency of data exchanged. Current systems that support inter-organizational collaborations are centralized, not interoperable and insecure [17,22]. Due to insecurity, access control cannot be enforced on shared data and due to centralization, activities of collaborating parties cannot be independently verified. ...
Inter-organizational collaboration is an important aspect of organizational operations. Traditional systems that support organizations in executing these collaborations are inefficient, not inter-operable and insecure. Novel functions provided by blockchain technology yields the potential for addressing problems that affect organizational collaborations by enabling tamper-proof, transparent, and secure systems for the exchange of information between organizations. Still, a proper approach for building blockchain-decentralized applications (DApps) that support inter-organizational collaborations is missing. The DAOM framework addresses this gap by providing a model-driven design approach for building DApps. This paper shows the development of the semantics of the DAOM framework, implementation of the support tool, and the evaluation of the DAOM framework and support tool. We conducted an evaluation to understand the usefulness of the DAOM framework in developing blockchain DApps and the effectiveness of the support tool in producing DAOM diagram models. The evaluation result shows that the framework is useful and applicable for developing DApps for inter-organizational collaborations. Furthermore, evaluation of the tool support shows that DApps can be modelled efficiently and correctly with the implemented enterprise-modelling software.
... In IoT, blockchain is used to secure smart appliances [79,80] and supply chain management [81]. In healthcare, applications of blockchain include medical supply chain [82], drug traceability [83], secure record keeping [84], patient identity validation [85] and smart contracts [86,87]. In finance industry, the blockchain solutions include insurance [88], payments [89], asset management [90] and real estate management in smart cities [91]. ...
With opportunities brought by Internet of Things (IoT), it is quite a challenge to assure privacy preservation when a huge number of resource-constrained distributed devices is involved. Blockchain has become popular for its benefits, including decentralization, persistence, immutability, auditability and consensus. With the implementation of blockchain in IoT, the benefits provided by blockchain can be derived in order to make IoT more efficient and maintain trust. In this paper, we discuss some applications of IoT in different fields and privacy-related issues faced by IoT in resource-constrained devices. We discuss some applications of blockchain in vast majority of areas, and the opportunities it brings to resolve IoT privacy limitations. We, then, survey different researches based on the implementation of blockchain in IoT. The goal of this paper is to survey recent researches based on the implementation of blockchain in IoT for privacy preservation. After analyzing the recent solutions, we see that the blockchain is an optimal way for preventing identity disclosure, monitoring, and providing tracking in IoT.
... The interoperability issues exist because different organizations participating in collaborative systems have different a information system setup and real-time sharing of data is B Chibuzor Udokwu chibuzor.udokwu@gmail.com Alex Norta alex.norta@taltech.ee 1 Blockchain Technology Group, Department of Software Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12616 Tallinn, Estonia impossible [4]. To address these concerns, organizations are moving their applications to blockchains [5] for executing inter-organizational collaborations (IOC). ...
Traditional information systems that enable organizations to collaborate, share information and resources, have several weaknesses such as security, interoperability and transparency issues. As a result, organizations are now moving their inter-organizational collaborations to blockchains. The latter are decentralized networks that allows participants to store and replicate information across multiple nodes, thereby providing immutable and trustable access to data without relying on a central authority. The state of the art shows several blockchain technologies such as smart contracts, consensus methods and decentralized storage to enable enterprises in executing their collaborations on blockchains. However, absent is a suitable software-engineering-driven framework for designing blockchain decentralized applications that enable inter-organizational collaborations. This paper fills the gap by proposing a framework for developing decentralized applications for organizational collaborations by first showing a model-driven method for deriving requirements of blockchain applications. Therefore, this paper presents a goal-modelling method to systematically describe the requirements of a running case about inter-organizational collaboration. A goal-model diagram produced from the running case is formally evaluated for correctness and consistency using the model syntax-verification method described in this paper.
... Such multi-dimension information exchange between different organizations requires security and transparency of data exchanged. Current systems that support inter-organizational collaborations are centralized, not interoperable and insecure [13] [16]. Due to insecurity, access control cannot be enforced on shared data and due to centralization, activities of collaborating parties cannot be independently verified. ...
Inter-organizational collaboration is an important aspect of organizational operations. Traditional systems that support organizations in executing these collaborations are inefficient, not-interoperable and insecure. Novel functions provided by blockchain technology yields the potential for addressing problems that affect organizational collaborations by enabling tamper-proof, transparent, and secure system for the exchange of information between organizations. Still, a proper approach for building blockchain decentralized applications (DApps) is missing that support inter-organizational collaborations. The DAOM framework addresses this gap by providing a model-driven design approach for building DApps. This study, therefore, focuses on evaluating the semantics of DAOM and the support tool for implementing DApps on standard enterprise-modelling software. We conducted empirical evaluation to understand the usefulness of the DAOM framework in developing blockchain DApps and the effectiveness of the support tool in producing DAOM diagram models. The evaluation result shows that the framework is useful and applicable for developing DApps for inter-organizational collaborations. Furthermore, evaluation of the tool support shows that DApps can be modelled efficiently and correctly with the implemented enterprise-modelling software.
