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Numerical calculations of high speed solenoid valves (HSV) are performed to understand the effects of the driving current and structural parameters on electromagnetic energy conversion in HSV. The results show that the driving current plays a prominent role on the capability of electromagnetic energy conversion. The changes in the electromagnetic f...
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... in the axial direction. Table 1 shows the specifications of the main sensors. By changing the air-gap and the driving current, the data of static electromagnetic force were measured on the test bench. Subsequently, the static electromagnetic characteristics of the HSV were obtained. Table 2 shows the detailed structural parameters of the HSV, and Fig. 3 shows the B-H curve of the soft magnetic material. The electromagnetic forces at different driving currents are calculated by combining Eqs (1)-(15) and the B-H curve. Figure 4 shows comparisons between the simulated and experimental results of the electromagnetic force at various driving currents and working air gaps. For working ...
Citations
... Calculations of the dynamics of an electromagnet, taking into account losses in steel [3], [9], [19] by, as one of possible approaches to be used, dividing the magnetic core into a number of parallel sections, are presented in [1]. In [17], [23] investigation of the influence of the design parameters of an electromagnet on its static characteristics was made. ...
Electromagnetic mechanisms are widely
used in various systems due to the simplicity of their
design and reliability in operation. One such system
is the fuel injection system for an internal combustion
engine. The electromagnets installed in such systems
should have a number of special properties: they should
have small dimensions, high speed, which is ensured by
forcing, a small mass of moving elements, an increased
residual air gap, a small armature stroke and minimal
eddy currents in the magnetic core. The reduction of
eddy currents is carried out by the use of steels with increased
resistivity and special cuts in the housing and
armature, which significantly complicates the design of
the electromagnet, but is an effective approach for reducing
losses in DC electromagnetic systems. To assess
the influence of the design of an electromagnet on
its speed, the article present a comparative analysis of
the solution of the problem of dynamics in a 3D formulation
for a forced armored DC electromagnet and
an improved electromagnet with reduced eddy current
losses due to special structural cuts in the housing and
armature.
... Li et al. carried out the multi-objective optimization for the actuation and release response times of the HSV based on response surface methodology and NSGA-II (non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II), and after optimization, the actuation and release response times were reduced by 17.7% and 37.4%, respectively [21]. Zhao et al. investigated the influence of the driving current and essential structural parameters on the static electromagnetic force of the HSV and concluded that the changes in the electromagnetic force were determined by the total magnetic reluctance and the range of the driving current [22]. Wang et al. revealed the influence rules of four parameters (i.e., the firing current, holding current, spring pre-tightening force, and spring stiffness) on the dynamic response characteristics of the HSV [23]. ...
To alleviate the Eddy effect of the high-speed solenoid valve (HSV) and improve its dynamic response speed, a novel HSV with a composite iron core is presented. The time-step finite element method is used to establish and verify the numerical simulation of HSV coupling multiple physical fields. Then, the Eddy effect and dynamic response characteristics of the conventional and composite HSVs are further compared and analyzed. The results showed that the Eddy current loss in the main pole was the largest for the conventional HSV, accounting for 72.5% and 64.4% in the actuation and release processes, respectively. It was found that the Eddy effect of the composite HSV was obviously weakened, and the total Eddy current losses in the actuation and release processes were reduced by 58.8% and 38.7%, respectively. Meanwhile, the actuation response time and release response time of the composite HSV were shortened by 15.6% and 18.5%, respectively. In addition, increasing the peak voltage further shortened the actuation response time of the composite HSV, but had no significant effect on the response time of the conventional HSV.
... Cazzola G J et al. established a mathematical model of the ECPBS of commercial vehicles, simulated the response characteristics of the relay valve and the brake chamber and analyzed the influence of the internal structural parameters of the relay valve on the braking response time [12]. Zhao et al. studied the effects of the structural parameters on the static electromagnetic characteristics of high-speed solenoid valves [13]. ...
Based on the classification of automated driving by the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) and the working principle of the ECPBS (Electronically Controlled Pneumatic Brake system), the requirements and the control modes of the APRV (Automatic Pressure Regulating Valve) were concluded. Four structural configurations for APRV were proposed to meet the requirements of the ECPBS. To study the pressure regulating characteristics of the APRV of different structure configurations, a simulation model was established, and a test bench was built. Through experiments, the correctness and the reliability of the simulation model were verified. The pressure regulation characteristics of the APRV of different structure configurations under different control conditions were revealed, and the suitable levels in the SAE automated driving classifications for automatic pressure regulators of different structure configurations were determined; thus, the theoretical underpinning to improve driving safety and develop automated driving was provided.
... HSV is the key executive part of CR injector, which is the bridge from the control signal of electronic control system to the movement of injector needle valve. Zhao et al. (2017a), Zhao et al. (2017b) and Zhao et al. (2017c) have carried out in-depth theoretical and experimental research in the field of solenoid valves, proposed a modern HSV mathematical model considering the nonlinear magnetization process of magnetic materials, and analyzed the law of the influence of driving parameters on the dynamic response of HSV and the reasons for its generation. Coppo et al. (2004) established a zero dimensional model of HSV, revealed the influence of driving current on electromagnetic force under different air gaps, and pointed out the importance of driving current. ...
The working process of the high-speed solenoid valve (HSV) of high-pressure common rail (CR) injector has the characteristics of electro-magnetic-mechanical-hydrodynamic multi-physical field coupling. However, most of the research work in this field is carried out without considering hydrodynamic environment of the HSV. Furthermore, the
dynamic response characteristics of the transient fuel hydrodynamic force (TFHF) of the HSV should not be neglected. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element method is used to simulate the TFHF between the injector electromagnet and the armature. The results show that cavitation phenomena appears on the lower surface of the armature during the HSV opening process. The faster the armature moves up, the greater the cavitation intensity. Damping holes on the armature can reduce the TFHF acting on the upper surface of the armature; however, the armature structure with straight grooves and damping holes reduces the TFHF more evidently during the HSV opening and the inhibition effect of this structure on cavitation is more evident. The TFHF on the armature decreases with an increase in the depth of the coil groove. However, the selection of the
... Sun et al. [7] developed a mathematical model based on the static electromagnetic force of an electronic control pump's HSV and studied the effects of different structural parameters on the force. Zhao et al. [8] another mathematical HSV model, which considered the nonlinearity and magnetic saturation effects on the electromagnetic force. These studies showed that the opening and closing responses of an HSV under system working conditions are influenced by the coupling of the electric and magnetic fields, as well as the mechanical field. ...
A high-speed solenoid valve (HSV) with high dynamic responses is a key component of the common rail injector, where it provides accurate and flexible control of the injection. In this study, finite element methods were used to investigate the eddy current inside an HSV. The results demonstrated that the appearance and change in the eddy current were related to the driving current, and significantly influenced the HSV dynamics, particularly the opening response. By considering the eddy current effect, the calculations were seen to match the experimental data effectively during the opening response, but did not match them strongly during the closing response. During the HSV opening process, the eddy current at the surface of the magnetic materials impeded the magnetization; during the closing stage, it prevented the magnetic flux inside the magnetic material from spreading out and delayed demagnetization. An eddy current was proven to always block the magnetic field change and worsen the HSV dynamic response. 0Slotting on the yoke can significantly reduce the open response time, while hardly influence the close response. It was deemed necessary to optimize the HSV structure to weaken the eddy current effect on the opening and closing response.
... Q. Cheng et al. [4] analyzed performance of GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) injectors. J. Zhao et al. [5] investigated effects of structure parameters, such as the working air-gap, armature thickness and number of coil on the static electromagnetic characteristics of a HSV at different driving currents based on the numerical calculations, concluded that the driving current played a prominent role in the electromagnetic force of a HSV. However, some other influence factors, such as temperature, were not discussed. ...
In our study, the B–H magnetization curves at temperatures between 16 and 150 ∘C and frequencies between 50 Hz and
1000 Hz were measured to analyse the effect of temperature and frequency on the magnetization characteristics of electrical iron
DT4C. By researching a high-speed solenoid valve (HSV) for a common rail injector, the temperature and frequency dependence
of DT4C and their effects on the electromagnetic force and dynamic response of a HSV were obtained. The research results
showed that an increase in temperature could decrease the magnetic flux density; however, the decrease was not apparent. The
effect of temperature on the relative permeability depended on the range of magnetic flux density B. The temperature dependence
of DT4C was weak in the temperature range of 16–150 ∘C. This stability of magnetic characteristic of DT4C ensures that the
dynamic response of a HSV could be maintained well for a common rail injector. Magnetization frequencies had a significant
influence on the magnetization of DT4C. An increase in the frequency would delay the transition to the saturation magnetic flux
density Bs. The effect of frequency on the electromagnetic force became increasingly significant as the driving current increased.
In a frequency range of 50–200 Hz, the opening response time of a HSV could be maintained well. When the frequency was
higher than 200 Hz, the opening time increased significantly with the frequency raised from 200 Hz to 1000 Hz, furthermore,
the HSV was out of control and closed ahead of time.
... Sun et al. [6] developed a three-dimensional simulation model of HSV for an electrical unit pump and analyzed the influence of some parameters (such as the air gap and driving current) on the electromagnetic force. Zhao et al. [7,8] studied the effect of peak current and hold current on the open time and power distribution for a HSV, and proposed that the power conversion and loss inside a HSV could directly determine the open characteristics. Sayin et al. [9] found that delays or advances of injections could worsen both the emissions and efficiencies of an engine; therefore, it is necessary to control the injection timing according to the real operating condition of an engine. ...
To study the effects of key parameters on the electromagnetic force of a high speed solenoid valve (HSV) used in a common rail injector, a mathematical model for the electromagnetic force of HSV was established based on the principle of electromagnetic coupling. In this model, electromagnetic saturation phenomenon was considered. The agreement of simulation results with the experimental data confirmed the accuracy of the proposed model. Subsequently, an analysis of the structural parameters of HSV was performed on basis of the model. The results show that the changes in the electromagnetic force caused by driving current rely on the total magnetic reluctance of HSV and the range of the driving current. When the current is less than 4 A, the driving current primarily controls the increase in the electromagnetic force; When the current is higher than 4 A, the total reluctance becomes the determining factor that restricts the increase in the electromagnetic force. When the current is 10 A, the electromagnetic force decreases with an increase in the air gap and the degree of decrease gradually increases. The air gap directly affects the change in air gap reluctance and magnetic reluctance of the soft HSV material. The electromagnetic force increases with an increase in the number of coil turns, but the increased breadth gradually decreases; this is because the total reluctance of HSV to electromagnetic force increases with an increase in the number of coil turns. © 2018, Editorial Department of Journal of HEU. All right reserved.
In order to solve the contradiction between the opening and closing time of the high speed on/off valve for space propulsion systems of the liquid rocket engine, a pneumatic pilot-operated high speed on/off valve is proposed and multiobjective optimization for the opening and closing time of the valve is carried out in this paper. Based on the analysis of the working mechanism of the valve, the mathematical models for the pilot valve and the main valves are established respectively. The Plackett-Burman design is used to select the optimization variables which influence the performance of the response time significantly. The central composite design is used to obtain the sample points and establish second-order response surface models of the response time. The NSGA-II is used to obtain the Pareto front of the optimization objectives. The optimized opening and closing time can be reduced by 17.7% and 37.4% respectively. A prototype based on the optimized parameters is manufactured and tested to verify the accuracy of the multiobjective optimization results. The test results verify the validity of the optimization approach for the proposed valve in this paper.
