The Additive Manufacturing wheel including 4 key factors [22].

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... method, materials and applications. Figure 1 indicates the AM wheel including these 4 ...

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... this technology, a liquid binder is injected on the powder bed by one or several nozzles to stick the particles together based on the 3D model. A schematic of binder jetting system is shown in Figure 10. There are two chambers in the system: one is powder tank and the other consists of a building platform. ...

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... FDM is generally used for all types of material extrusion process [20]. Figure 11 schematically indicates material extrusion system, where a filament feedstock is fed by a pair of electric motor-controlled rollers. ...

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... a full dense metallic or ceramic part is achieved by sintering process at certain temperature and time. Figure 12 shows the whole steps of FDM process for metal/ceramic parts. ...

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... example, in order to produce steel, iron ore must be first extracted in one country and then shipped to another country for further processing. Therefore, investigation of the shipping routes ( Figure 13) can clarify how much of the natural resources are used to make various products, and subsequently how much impacts it has on earth ecosystem. Thanks to additive manufacturing technology, not only steel parts can be easily produced, but also other elements can be added to steel to make alloy steel with more desired ...

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... AM can be categorized based on the type of production including a) discrete multiple materials, b) composite materials, and c) porous materials that usually used in secondary infiltration. A schematic of each type is shown in Figure 14. In discrete materials type, there is an obvious boundary separates component from each other. ...

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... this process, there are two ways for deposition: a) using a pre-mixed powder from a single nozzle, or b) using different powders from each nozzle to produce composite materials and discrete materials structures, respectively. These types of deposition are shown in Figure 15. As it mentioned before, one of the biggest challenges in multi-materials AM is whether different metals with various properties can bond to each other during the process. ...

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... type of filament is similar to PLA, but has extremely high metal powder content. The rolls of two Filamets TM used in this work are shown in Figure 18. Also, the characteristics and some physical properties of each Filamet TM are separately given in Table 1. ...

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... the printed samples were investigated in micro scale to observe the success rate of mixing of two materials. The micro-images taken from cross-section of two types of prints by optical microscope are given in Figure 31. The dark areas in the images represent polymeric material (binder) and the light areas belong to metallic particles. ...

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... the particles of two materials are easily distinguishable in micro-images, which makes it easy to study the particles distribution based on the type of printing. Figure 31a shows a micro-image of couple sample, in which the border between stainless steel 316L and high carbon iron particles is clearly visible. It should be noted that it is nearly impossible to obtain 100-100% sample in reality. ...

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... the high carbon iron particles content from bottom to top would be around from 0 to 90%, respectively. The micro-image of mixed sample is also shown in Figure 31b, which indicates the mixing of stainless steel 316L and high carbon iron particles (50-50%). ...

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... Couple sample b) Mixed sample Figure 31: The micro-images of two types of prints taken by optical microscope. ...

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... order to study of compounds and phases that might be formed in the samples during sintering, XRD analysis was carried out for both couple and mixed samples sintered at different temperatures and times, and compared with raw powder, which obtained from de-binding the sample. Figure 41 gives the XRD patterns for each condition in which each peak has been identified based on diffraction angle (2θ) and Bragg's law (nλ=2dsinθ). ...