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PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the concurrent validity, absolute and relative reliabilities of a Commando-specific power test.
METHODS: Twenty-one anti-terrorism commandos participated in this study. All participants were assessed on: 5-m Rope-climbing-test (RCT), and the following tests: pull-ups, push-ups, estimated-1RM on bench pr...
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Citations
... Isso parece surpreendente, com base nos resultados de estudos anteriores que mostraram relações relativamente fortes entre as variáveis de massa corporal e a expressão da força. 19,20 Os treinadores e indivíduos interessados na avaliação da força corporal dos atletas 24,25 podem se beneficiar de uma conversão razoavelmente precisa da massa corporal em estimativas de %RM de exercícios de força, especialmente para os fisiculturistas. Os fisiculturistas são uma população específica de atletas cujo objetivo final é atingir uma grande massa muscular (MM) com baixas quantidades de massa gorda (MG). ...
Introduction
Submaximal strength testing appears to be valid to prescribe the intensity for strength training protocols that reduce the risk of injuries and testing time.
Objective
This study aimed to assess the predictive ability of body mass parameters to estimate 4-6 repetitions maximum (4-6 RM) of Leg press 45°, Chest press, and Pull-down exercises.
Methods
Eleven male bodybuilders (age 38.27 ± 10.48 years) participated in this study. Participants completed an incremental external load up to find the load allowing them to perform 4 to 6 maximal repetitions for each exercise in random order. The starting load was 50% of body mass for chest press and pull-down exercises and 100% for leg press. The load increment after each set was 20 kg for lower limb exercises and 10 kg for upper body exercises.
Results
Results revealed that body mass had good to optimal relationships with 4-6 RM for all three exercises. Results showed that body mass had a good prediction ability for all three criterion measures.
Conclusion
The prediction equations suggested in this study may allow coaches to estimate the 4-6 RM of leg press 45°, chest press, and pull-down performances. Evidence Level IV; Case series.
Keywords:
Predictions and Projections; Muscle Strength; Body Weight
... Consequently, push-ups have garnered signi cant attention from researchers and diverse audiences, becoming a focal point for assessing upper body strength in individuals of various ages and occupations, including collision and contact athletes (3), commandos (4), and elementary school children (5), among others. Additionally, push-ups hold importance as a motion performance test for rehabilitation trainers in surgical medicine (3), with evidence suggesting that Push-up plus exercise is among the best methods for strengthening and stabilizing scapular muscles (6), making it a valuable tool in the preventive rehabilitation of shoulder injuries (7). ...
Background
Push-up exercises are known to effectively activate the upper body muscles, thereby enhancing core strength and endurance. The adaptability of push-ups, with different body inclinations, allows for easy implementation in various daily environments, offering a wide range of intensity options. This study aimed to investigate the muscle activation and joint loading effects resulting from different body inclination angles during push-ups.
Methods
Six distinct push-up movement models were established using AnyBody software, with body-to-ground angles set at -15°, 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°. Eleven healthy adult males, who had undergone systematic training and mastered the push-up positions, performed the six push-up movements in a random order, and surface electromyography (sEMG) data was collected to validate the accuracy of the AnyBody push-up model. Based on the validated model, the muscle activity of six upper body muscles (pectoralis major, biceps, triceps, anterior deltoid, middle deltoid, and inferior trapezius) was analyzed, along with the joint forces in the three degrees of freedom at the shoulder and elbow joints. Additionally, the exercise effect assessment parameter RFM/JF was introduced.
Results
The results revealed greater muscle activation at body-to-ground angles of -15° and 0°, while less joint force was observed at 45° and 60°. Furthermore, push-ups performed at 0° and 30° demonstrated significant exercise effects, with reduced risk of joint strain for the six targeted muscles.
Conclusion
By approaching push-up exercises from a biomechanical standpoint and validating the AnyBody model, this study provided valuable insights for exercisers seeking a deeper understanding of the exercise and its potential to help them achieve diverse fitness goals.
... Rope-climbing power test of the upper limbs according to the procedure described by Dhahbi et al. [5]: a starting point 70 cm from the ground and an end point above it at a distance of 5 m were marked on a 40 mm diameter gymnastic rope suspended from a solid anchor point. From a straddle sitting position with the rope between their legs and their hands placed on the rope below the starting point, the participants climbed the rope as fast as possible with their upper limbs alone. ...
Background: Comprehensive preparation of climbers for participation in multi-event competitions requires knowledge of the motor characteristics and fitness profiles of successful athletes competing in their individual events. Such knowledge can be used to prepare training programs to prepare for multi-event climbing competitions. The study aimed to compare the fitness profiles of young athletes specializing in different climbing disciplines: lead climbing, speed climbing, and bouldering. Methods: The study included 13 climbers participating in national and international speed climbing, bouldering, and lead climbing competitions. All athletes were members of the junior national team, aged 17.2±1.9 years. The measurements included: rope climbing power test of the upper limbs, upper limb power test on a campus board, the agonist-to-antagonist ratio of upper body strength, bent arm hang test, core strength test, simple and complex reaction time measurements, Margaria-Kalamen stair climb power test, vertical jump, pull-up shoulder endurance test. Results. There were no significant differences between the groups. However, for effect sizes, large values of Cohen’s d were reported in the campus board power in which speed climbers reached the highest results and in the pull-up test with stops in which boulderers scored highest. Small-to-medium effect sizes were observed also in the rope climb test and simple reaction time measurements in which speed climbers scored higher than lead climbers and boulderers, and in prone plank in which speed climbers scored lowest. Conclusions. Speed climbers generated higher power of the lower limbs and had shorter simple reaction times, while boulderers had greater strength in mixed dynamic-static conditions. However, in most strength and conditioning parameters, juniors specializing in different climbing disciplines did not differ significantly.
... Likewise, the Grip W test explicitly evaluates the muscle power of the hand-finger joint segment of both the right and left extremities. In this sense, most of the tests to assess the power of the handfinger segment involve other joint segments, such as the shoulder, elbow, and wrist, and even the lower extremities; this last segment is used as an accessory movement to boost the mobility of the upper extremities [12,27]. In research developed by Dhahbi et al. [27], upper extremity power was evaluated through a climbing test in adults of the special military command; this protocol considers climbing a 5-meter rope as fast as possible. ...
... In this sense, most of the tests to assess the power of the handfinger segment involve other joint segments, such as the shoulder, elbow, and wrist, and even the lower extremities; this last segment is used as an accessory movement to boost the mobility of the upper extremities [12,27]. In research developed by Dhahbi et al. [27], upper extremity power was evaluated through a climbing test in adults of the special military command; this protocol considers climbing a 5-meter rope as fast as possible. In turn, Dhahbi et al. [27] evaluated grip strength with dynamometry, obtaining significant results between the 5-meter rope climbing test and the grip strength of the right and left hand (p < 0.05). ...
... In research developed by Dhahbi et al. [27], upper extremity power was evaluated through a climbing test in adults of the special military command; this protocol considers climbing a 5-meter rope as fast as possible. In turn, Dhahbi et al. [27] evaluated grip strength with dynamometry, obtaining significant results between the 5-meter rope climbing test and the grip strength of the right and left hand (p < 0.05). Similarly, Laffaye et al. [12] evaluated muscle to power through explosive pull-ups in beginner and elite athletes. ...
The assessment of the strength and muscle mass of the hand-finger segment are reliable indicators of health and predictors of cardiometabolic risk in the adult population. However, there are no valid and reliable tests to assess the muscle power of this segment in healthy adolescents. The objective of this study was to determine the validity and inter-day reliability of a grip power test (Grip W test) in healthy adolescents. Twenty-one adolescents (15.61 ± 2.20 years old) were part of the study. All participants were instructed to perform a grip with incremental load sets from 1-10 kg as fast as possible. The validity of the Grip W test was determined with the load-power curve and linear regression equation. Inter-day reliability considered the coefficient of variation (CV), intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), and standard error of the mean (SEM). The significance level for all statistical analyses was p < 0.05. The parabola in the load-power curve for both hands showed normality for the Grip W test. In addition, the analysis showed a CV = 4.63% and ICC = 1.00 for the right hand, while the left hand showed a CV = 3.23% and ICC = 1.00. The Grip W test proved to be valid and reliable for assessing gripping muscle power functionally and unilaterally in healthy adolescents.
... Using a battery of tests to check physical abilities, the following parameters were assessed: repetitive endurance in the strength of the arms, shoulder girdle, chest muscles and torso, aerobic endurance and the endurance of leg muscles, as well as general physical ability. The applied tests have satisfactory metric characteristics (Jukić et al., 2008;Dhahbi et al., 2015). ...
... The field measurements consisted of isometric strength tests (back strength (BS) and grip strength (GS)), three sets of a 30 second incline sit-up test (IST), a rope-climbing test (RT), and six sets of a 300 m intermittent running test (300 m IRT). Each test is reported to have sufficient reliability and validity [15][16][17][18][19][20], except for the 300 m IRT [21]. ...
... Table 1 shows the age categories of the participants. As indicated, the numbers of wrestlers within each category (U-12, U-15, U-17, U-20, and the senior Japanese national team (NT)) were 25,29,19,27, and 14, respectively. Wrestlers were assigned to light-weight (LW) or heavy-weight (HW) classifications based on their weight class. ...
... The rope-climbing test (RT) [19,20] was used to assess the strength and power of the upper limb muscles, particularly regarding the pulling movement. Before the measurement, the participants were allowed to warm up and stretch on their own. ...
Studies evaluating the physical fitness levels of elite wrestlers during junior high school are limited. This study aimed to examine the body composition and physical fitness profiles of elite Japanese female wrestlers aged <12 years until >20 years. There were 114 elite female wrestlers enrolled. Measurements were conducted in the following age categories: <12 years (U-12), <15 years (U-15), <17 years (U-17: cadet), <20 years (U-20: junior), and >20 years (senior). Body composition variables consisted of body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, fat free mass, and fat free mass index (FFMI). Fitness measurements included grip strength, back strength, sit-up, rope-climbing, and endurance running tests. The wrestlers in this study demonstrated comparable or greater FFMI values (e.g., FFMI: 17.9 ± 0.4 kg/m2 for light and 19.8 ± 0.9 kg/m2 for heavy weight categories in U-20), when compared with young female wrestlers in previous studies, whereas stature, body mass, and BMI of the wrestlers in our study were unremarkable. Regarding the fitness assessment, a remarkable increase in back strength was observed after late puberty. An outstanding enhancement of muscle strength after late puberty, which is unlikely to occur in ordinary women, would be an important requirement to become the world’s top female wrestler.
... The tests consisted of body-weight exercises and a long-distance road-running competition. Fitness characteristics were measured with the following tests: 5-km cross-country [24], pull- ups in 70-seconds [25], push-ups in 70-seconds [25] and sit-ups in 70-seconds [3].These tests are often used as baseline physical evaluations for most special forces units around the world. A pilot study was carried out to ensure the between-days reliability and sensitivity of the tests cited above, with 27 participants performing two measurements of each test, with a one-week interval (Table 3). ...
... The tests consisted of body-weight exercises and a long-distance road-running competition. Fitness characteristics were measured with the following tests: 5-km cross-country [24], pull- ups in 70-seconds [25], push-ups in 70-seconds [25] and sit-ups in 70-seconds [3].These tests are often used as baseline physical evaluations for most special forces units around the world. A pilot study was carried out to ensure the between-days reliability and sensitivity of the tests cited above, with 27 participants performing two measurements of each test, with a one-week interval (Table 3). ...
The purpose of the present investigation was to follow-up the effect of specific commandos' training-cycles (SCTCs) on upper-body strength resistance and running endurance performance , as well as determine whether variation in seasonal parameters has any effect on physical performance. Fourteen SCTCs were held over eight years, involving 466 participants. Participants were assigned to four subgroups according to their distribution over the seasons: summer (n = 124), autumn (n = 145), winter (n = 52) and spring (n = 145). Before and after each SCTC, four tests (maximal pull-up, push-up and sit-up repetitions in 70-seconds for muscle strength resistance) and a 5-km crosscountry run (endurance) were performed. Seasonal data were continuously recorded during all SCTCs. Body mass decreased significantly (p<0.05) in all groups following SCTCs. These training-cycles induced a significant increase (p<0.05) in the 70-seconds push-ups, pull-ups and sit-ups and a decrease (p<0.01) in the 5-km crosscountry running time among all trainees. The main effect of the season was present in all tests (p<0.01). With regard to the percentage of changes, the results from the 70-seconds push-up, pull-up and sit-up tests were significantly higher in winter and spring (p<0.01) compared with the two other seasons, while 5-km crosscountry performance improvements were significantly higher (p<0.01) in spring and summer, compared to the two other seasons. In summary,14-week of SCTCs improved upper-body strength resistance and running endurance performance in the commandos. Improvements in strength resistance performance were greater during cool weather (winter and spring), while improvements in running endurance performance were higher during hotter (spring and summer) seasons. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.
... Search Results: After the use of specific inclusion and exclusion criteria ( Figure 1), 14 studies were included for review. Of the fourteen included studies, 11 studies included various forms of military special forces (16,17,25,31,33,34,(43)(44)(45)(46)48), while three included members of elite police units (11,12,38). Six studies were from the United States (11,12,33,34,38,43), two from both Croatia (31,48) and Tunisia (16,17), and one each from Germany (46), Australia (25), England (44), and Norway (45). ...
... Of the fourteen included studies, 11 studies included various forms of military special forces (16,17,25,31,33,34,(43)(44)(45)(46)48), while three included members of elite police units (11,12,38). Six studies were from the United States (11,12,33,34,38,43), two from both Croatia (31,48) and Tunisia (16,17), and one each from Germany (46), Australia (25), England (44), and Norway (45). Eight studies reported only have male participants (12,16,25,31,33,34,38,44), while in the remaining six studies gender was not specifically identified (11,17,43,45,46,48). ...
... Six studies were from the United States (11,12,33,34,38,43), two from both Croatia (31,48) and Tunisia (16,17), and one each from Germany (46), Australia (25), England (44), and Norway (45). Eight studies reported only have male participants (12,16,25,31,33,34,38,44), while in the remaining six studies gender was not specifically identified (11,17,43,45,46,48). Three of the included studies were also identified from an expert in the field and not a part of the original search strategy (11,12,25). ...
Elite tactical units complete a variety of demanding tasks and a high level of fitness is required by this population to perform their occupational tasks optimally. The aim of this critical review was to identify and synthesize key findings of studies that have investigated the fitness profiles of elite tactical units. Included studies were critically appraised, using the Downs and Black checklist, and a level of evidence was determined. Relevant data were extracted, tabulated, and synthesized. Fourteen studies were included for review and ranged in percentage quality scores from 46% to 66% with a mean of 57.5%. Moderate interrater agreement (κ = 0.496) existed between raters. A variety of fitness measures were used across various domains of fitness. The most common measures were in the areas of anthropometric measures, strength, power, and aerobic capacity. However, there was high variety in the measures and their protocols. Though fitness appears to be a critical part of research and practice in tactical populations, currently there is no standardized measure or result for this population. Further research in fitness profiling should be completed using standardized outcome measures which cover the spectrum of the fitness demands for this population.
... During this session, participants were informed of the protocol for each of the exercises examined in the study (9,15). Before testing, participants performed a 15minute warm-up (,60% V _ O 2 max), which included circumduction and flexion/extension of the upper limbs with self-selected intensity and dynamic stretching (pectorals, trapezius, elbow flexors and extensors, and wrist flexors and extensors) (10). Participants were also allocated 10 minutes so that they could refamiliarize themselves with the exercises, performing 3 trials for each exercise during this phase. ...
The purpose of this study was to assess the logical and ecological validity of five explosive push-up variations as a means of upper-body power assessment, using the factorial characterization of ground reaction force-based (GRF-based) parameter outputs. Thirty-seven highly active commando soldiers (age: 23.3±1.5 years; body mass: 78.7±9.7 kg; body height: 179.7±4.3 cm) performed three trials of five variations of the explosive push-up in a randomized-counterbalanced order: 1) Standard-Countermovement-Push-up, 2) Standard-Squat-Push-up, 3) Kneeling-Countermovement-Push-up, 4) Kneeling-Squat-Push-up and 5) Drop-Fall-Push-up. Vertical GRF was measured during these exercises using a portable force plate. The Initial-Force-Supported, Peak-GRF and Rate-of-Force-Development-During-Takeoff, Flight-Time, Impact-Force and Rate-of-Force-Development-Impact upon landing were measured. A significant relationship between Initial-Force-Supported and Peak-GRF-Takeoff was observed for the countermovement-push-up (CMP) exercises (Standard-Countermovement-Push-up, Kneeling-Countermovement-Push-up and Drop-Fall-Push-up) and squat-push-up (SP) exercises (Standard-Squat-Push-up and Kneeling-Squat-Push-up) (r=0.58 and r=0.80, respectively; p<0.01). Furthermore, Initial-Force-Supported was also negatively correlated to a significant degree with Flight-Time for both CMP and SP (r=-0.74 and r=-0.80; p<0.01, respectively). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the above-mentioned six GRF-based variables resulted in the extraction of three significant components, which explained 88.9% of the total variance for CMP, and two significant components, which explained 71.0% of the total variance for SP exercises. In summary, the PCA model demonstrated a great predictive power in accounting for GRF-based parameters of explosive push-up exercises, allowing for stronger logical and ecological validity as tests of upper-body power. Furthermore, it is possible to adjust the intensity level of the push-up exercise by altering the starting position (i.e., standard versus kneeling).
... Search Results: After the use of specific inclusion and exclusion criteria ( Figure 1), 14 studies were included for review. Of the fourteen included studies, 11 studies included various forms of military special forces (16,17,25,31,33,34,(43)(44)(45)(46)48), while three included members of elite police units (11,12,38). Six studies were from the United States (11,12,33,34,38,43), two from both Croatia (31,48) and Tunisia (16,17), and one each from Germany (46), Australia (25), England (44), and Norway (45). ...
... Of the fourteen included studies, 11 studies included various forms of military special forces (16,17,25,31,33,34,(43)(44)(45)(46)48), while three included members of elite police units (11,12,38). Six studies were from the United States (11,12,33,34,38,43), two from both Croatia (31,48) and Tunisia (16,17), and one each from Germany (46), Australia (25), England (44), and Norway (45). Eight studies reported only have male participants (12,16,25,31,33,34,38,44), while in the remaining six studies gender was not specifically identified (11,17,43,45,46,48). ...
... Six studies were from the United States (11,12,33,34,38,43), two from both Croatia (31,48) and Tunisia (16,17), and one each from Germany (46), Australia (25), England (44), and Norway (45). Eight studies reported only have male participants (12,16,25,31,33,34,38,44), while in the remaining six studies gender was not specifically identified (11,17,43,45,46,48). Three of the included studies were also identified from an expert in the field and not a part of the original search strategy (11,12,25). ...
Objectives:
Fitness is essential to specialist police forces, who have higher occupational demands than general police, and vital to performance and mission success. However, little research has been done profiling the metabolic fitness of these units and how they compare to other populations. The objective of this study was to profile the aerobic fitness of a specialist police unit.
Methods:
Body weight was measured to account for any impact on metabolic fitness, while VO2 max was estimated via number of shuttles completed on the 20m Progressive Shuttle Run Test (PSRT) (n=47) on two dates one calendar year apart.
Results:
There were no significant (p=.116) differences (mean difference 0.40±1.70kg) in body weight between the initial measures (mean=88.84±8.25kg) and the final measure (mean=89.24±8.77kg) 13 months later. PSRT results increased significantly (p<.005) between the initial (mean=72.62±11.76 shuttles) and final assessments (77.51±11.46 shuttles), with a mean increase of 4.89 (± 2.94) shuttles and a small effect size (d=0.42). The mean VO2 max of the specialist police unit was 51.06±3.61 ml/min/kg following the first assessment, and 52.56±3.46 ml/min/kg following the second assessment. This was a significant finding (p<.001), with a mean difference of 1.19±1.27 ml/min/kg and a small effect size (d=0.23).
Conclusions:
Elite police forces have a higher metabolic fitness than the general population and general duties police officers. Having and maintaining this fitness level is imperative for their operational success and preventing injuries. This research suggests that despite the challenges posed by operational requirements, high fitness standards can not only be maintained, but also improved.
