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In this study potato and corn starch were subjected to oxidation, using sodium periodate, to obtain dialdehyde starch (DAS) containing different amount of aldehyde groups. The obtained modified starch samples have been characterized with chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Then, the samples were exposed...
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Citations
... The effect of oxidation on the surface of different starch granules was reported for Carioca bean (Vanier et al., 2012), normal and waxy corn (Sandhu et al., 2008), sword bean (Adebowale et al., 2006), corn, pea, sweet corn (Zhang et al., 2009), potato (Castanha et al., 2017;Tolvanen et al., 2009;Ziegler-Borowska et al., 2018), Maize (Liu et al. 2014), wheat (Sandhu et al., 2012), Corn (Zuo et al., 2017;Ziegler-Borowska et al., 2018). Starch granules in storage tissue can be varied in composition, size, and shape. ...
... The effect of oxidation on the surface of different starch granules was reported for Carioca bean (Vanier et al., 2012), normal and waxy corn (Sandhu et al., 2008), sword bean (Adebowale et al., 2006), corn, pea, sweet corn (Zhang et al., 2009), potato (Castanha et al., 2017;Tolvanen et al., 2009;Ziegler-Borowska et al., 2018), Maize (Liu et al. 2014), wheat (Sandhu et al., 2012), Corn (Zuo et al., 2017;Ziegler-Borowska et al., 2018). Starch granules in storage tissue can be varied in composition, size, and shape. ...
... Another peak around 3.5 ppm was also observed that could be assigned to the hydrogen atoms bonded with carbons at the polymer matrix. This spectrum is comparable with that in the literature [46]. Figure 1C illustrates the X-ray diffraction patterns of CNC and DCNC. ...
Background
The non-toxic self-crosslinked hydrogel films designed from biocompatible materials allow for controlled drug release and have gathered remarkable attention from healthcare professionals as wound dressing materials. Thus, in the current study the chitosan (CS) film is infused with oil-in-water Pickering emulsion (PE) loaded with bioactive compound quercetin (Qu) and stabilized by dialdehyde cellulose nanocrystal-silver nanoparticles (DCNC-AgNPs). The DCNC-AgNPs play a dual role in stabilizing PE and are involved in the self-crosslinking with CS films. Also, this film could combine the advantage of the controlled release and synergistic wound-healing effect of Qu and AgNPs.
Results
The DCNC-AgNPs were synthesized using sodium periodate oxidation of CNC. The DCNC-AgNPs were used to stabilize oil-in-water PE loaded with Qu in its oil phase by high speed homogenization. Stable PEs were prepared by 20% v/v oil: water ratio with maximum encapsulation of Qu in the oil phase. The Qu-loaded PE was then added to CS solution (50% v/v) to prepare self-crosslinked films (CS-PE-Qu). After grafting CS films with PE, the surface and cross-sectional SEM images show an inter-penetrated network within the matrix between DCNC and CS due to the formation of a Schiff base bond between the reactive aldehyde groups of DCNC-AgNPs and amino groups of CS. Further, the addition of glycerol influenced the extensibility, swelling ratio, and drug release of the films. The fabricated CS-PE-Qu films were analyzed for their wound healing and tissue regeneration potential using cell scratch assay and full-thickness excisional skin wound model in mice. The as-fabricated CS-PE-Qu films showed great biocompatibility, increased HaCat cell migration, and promoted collagen synthesis in HDFa cells. In addition, the CS-PE-Qu films exhibited non-hemolysis and improved wound closure rate in mice compared to CS, CS-Qu, and CS-blank PE. The H&E staining of the wounded skin tissue indicated the wounded tissue regeneration in CS-PE-Qu films treated mice.
Conclusion
Results obtained here confirm the wound healing benefits of CS-PE-Qu films and project them as promising biocompatible material and well suited for full-thickness wound healing in clinical applications.
Graphical Abstract
... GPAM is reported to provide wet strength by both self-crosslinking and by hemi-acetal formation with cellulose (and hemicellulose) hydroxyl groups. [48][49][50]53,[62][63][64][65][66][67]. ...
Additives are ingredients used in papermaking to enhance fiber properties, introduce special properties to the paper and improve the efficiency of the paper making process. Wet strength agents, sizing agents, dry strength agents, fillers, retention aids, defoamers, dyes and pigments are common additives used in paper mills. Poor retention of wet strength additive such as PAAE (polyamide epichlorohydrin) and hydrophobicity loss due to ASA (alkenyl succinic anhydride) and AKD (alkyl ketene dimer) size reversion not only increase cost and reduce product quality in the mill but also increase customer complaints and rejections.
In this study, a method was developed to quantify and study the parameters that govern PAAE retention in paperboard. PAAE applications, performance, and recyclability were also investigated. In addition, ASA bonding mechanism to the fiber was investigated, and experiments were performed under different environmental conditions to determine the environmental parameters that initiate or catalyze ASA and AKD size reversion.
The results of these studies indicated that PAAE can be quantified after hydrolysis and derivatization to diethyl adipate. PAAE retention increases as the pulp freeness decreases. Instead of freeness, fiber surface charge can be used to predict PAAE retention. The results also indicated that high presence of lignin in the sheet provides wet strength and low PAAE retention due to low availability of carboxylic groups on the fiber. On the contrary, when the lignin is removed, the retained amount of cationic PAAE increases due to the availability of anionic carboxylic groups on the fiber resulting in high wet strength; lignin is potential biomaterial based wet strength.
Investigations revealed that ester bond formation between ASA and cellulose is insignificant and is not a prerequisite for sizing effectiveness. Although, hydrolyzed ASA contributes to the sizing performance, direct application of hydrolyzed ASA to the pulp leads to flocculation and does not achieve sizing. The results revealed that ASA and AKD size reversions are significantly light and oxygen dependent. The oxidative photodegradation mechanisms of the sizing agents are explored and possible mechanisms are proposed.
... GPAM is reported to provide wet strength by both self-crosslinking and by hemi-acetal formation with cellulose (and hemicellulose) hydroxyls. (Young 1979;Mukherjee et al. 1990;Espy 1995;Veelaert 1996;Xu 2001;Di Flavio 2013;Hamzeh et al. 2015;Ondaral et al. 2018;Ziegler-Borowska et al. 2018;Pawlowska 2023). Polyethylene imine (PEI) has been found to act as a temporary wet strength agent (Darlington and Lanier 1995;Guerro and Lawrence 2003;Hu et al. 2005;Lindström et al. 2010;Storsberg et al. 2010; Kurita Europe GmbH 2024) while polyvinyl amines (PVAm) can be used as temporary or permanent wet strength agents depending upon application and curing conditions (Pelton and Hong 2002;Kurita Europe GmbH 2024). ...
Polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin (PAAE) is the preeminent permanent wet strength additive used in papermaking. Wet strength additives are used to improve paper resistance to a rupture force in wet environments. The invention of PAAE in 1957 was an innovation, as it improved paper properties by giving superior wet strength in humid or wet conditions. It was rapidly adopted by the industry. Despite PAAE’s long history, the mechanism of PAAE interaction with fiber has not been fully understood. Therefore, fundamental understanding of PAAE mechanism needs to be investigated to improve its utilization in making sustainable paper products. These areas include an understanding of repulping methods and optimal PAAE dosages for better cost and performance. This paper investigates different generations of PAAE, the application method, and its impact on paper recyclability. Three generations of PAAE are currently on the market with at least two newer iterations under development. Critical application parameters that need to be understood include determination of the bonding mechanism, optimal dosage, and retention parameters. The main drawback of PAAE application is it makes paper recycling difficult. Several repulping methods are proposed for better recyclability and sustainability in the papermaking process.
... The oxidation degree of starch is normally reflected by aldehyde group content, which can be determined by hydroxylamine hydrochloride and alkali consumption methods [12,21]. As shown in Table 1, several factors including the source of starch [22], the type of oxidant [23], the molar ratio of oxidant to starch [7,16,24,25], reaction temperature [19,26], reaction time [19,26] and solution pH value [19,26] can influence the aldehyde group content. ...
... Among them, corn and potato are the most commonly used starch sources due to their high production. Notably, Ziegler-Borowska et al. [22] observed corn starch was more susceptible to oxidation than potato starch, which was because corn starch had higher amylose content. This study revealed the amylose content in starch had a big impact on oxidation degree. ...
... The presence of aldehyde groups in dialdehyde starch can be confirmed by infrared spectroscopy (Fig. 2). Dialdehyde starch frequently retains the common characters of native starch, including O -H stretching (3000-3600 cm − 1 ), C -H stretching (2927-2933 cm − 1 ), O-H bending of adsorbed water (1625-1643 cm − 1 ) and C-O stretching of sugar residues (1000-1200 cm − 1 ) [11,12,15,22,25]. Different from native starch, dialdehyde starch often presents the characteristic C --O stretching of aldehyde groups at 1716-1750 cm − 1 ( Table 2) [11,12,19,22,30]. ...
... XRD was used to determine the crystalline structure of the starches, RDs, and RMDs [25]. The diffraction was performed utilizing a wide-angle diffractometer, scanning within the range of 5 • to 60 • (2θ) (MiniFlex600, Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan). ...
The anti-digestibility of resistant dextrin (RD) and resistant maltodextrin (RMD) is usually significantly affected by processing techniques, reaction conditions, and starch sources. The objective of this investigation is to elucidate the similarities and differences in the anti-digestive properties of RD and RMD prepared from three different tuber crop starches, namely, potato, cassava, and sweet potato, and to reveal the associated mechanisms. The results show that all RMDs have a microstructure characterized by irregular fragmentation and porous surfaces, no longer maintaining the original crystalline structure of starches. Conversely, RDs preserve the structural morphology of starches, featuring rough surfaces and similar crystalline structures. RDs exhibite hydrolysis rates of approximately 40%, whereas RMDs displaye rates lower than 8%. This disparity can be attributed to the reduction of α-1,4 and α-1,6 bonds and the development of a highly branched spatial structure in RMDs. The indigestible components of the three types of RDs range from 34% to 37%, whereas RMDs vary from 80% to 85%, with potato resistant maltodextrin displaying the highest content (84.96%, p < 0.05). In conclusion, there are significant differences in the processing performances between different tuber crop starches. For the preparation of RMDs, potato starch seems to be superior to sweet potato and cassava starches. These attributes lay the foundation for considering RDs and RMDs as suitable components for liquid beverages, solid dietary fiber supplements, and low glycemic index (low-GI) products.
... The contrasting structures of MUF glue and cornstarch are evident upon observation. Cornstarch appears as round granules (Ito and Aguiar 2009;Ziegler-Borowska et al. 2018), distinct from the cohesive nature of MUF glue, which forms a bonded mass (Ding, Yan, and Zhao 2022;Nuryawan and Park 2017). As previously demonstrated in samples prepared with lower MUF content, reducing the MUF content leads to an increase in SAC. ...
The development of sound-absorbing panels which used coffee-silver-skin (CS) and melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) as a composite board was studied. In this experiment, the objective was to examine the impact on the sound absorption coefficient (SAC) when incorporating wood husk into the composite board, specifically in the cases of CS (100%) and CS (90%) mixed with wood husk (10%), while simultaneously reducing the amount of MUF adhesive and adding corn starch (25%). It was observed that as the MUF content of the board decreased to 75%, the sound absorption coefficient average (SAA) were found to be 0.59 and 0.62 for the middle- and high-frequency ranges, respectively. For the frequency range higher than 3.15 kHz, the maximum SAC value of sample boards was 0.91 and the noise reduction coefficient (NRC) value was 0.47. While, the result showed the maximum SAC and the NRC value of sample boards were 0.93 and 0.48, respectively above the frequency range higher than 1.25 kHz for decreasing the MUF adhesive of board to 50%. Similarly, the addition of wood husk and corn starch mixed to CS could increase the SAA value of sample boards in the middle- and high-frequency range.
... 26 In their work, Ziegler-Borowska et al. used sodium periodate to oxidize potato and maize starches, producing dialdehyde starch (DAS) with varying amounts of aldehyde groups. 27 Bahgavathsingh and Ramesh reported a unique, easy-to-use, and successful graphite oxidation technique. 28 The novel synthesis process, which was easy to remove impurities from without producing harmful gases, might be called nonmetallic oxidation of graphite. ...
NaIO4 has been effectively investigated as a flexible oxidant for a range of fundamental chemical transformations, including the synthesis of bioactive natural compounds and intriguing oxidative transformations including C–H activation and oxidative functionalization of alkenes.
... The effect of oxidation on the surface of different starch granules was reported for Carioca bean (Vanier et al., 2012), normal and waxy corn (Sandhu et al., 2008), sword bean (Adebowale et al., 2006), corn, pea, sweet corn (Zhang et al., 2009), potato (Castanha et al., 2017;Tolvanen et al., 2009;Ziegler-Borowska et al., 2018), Maize (Liu et al. 2014), wheat (Sandhu et al., 2012), Corn (Zuo et al., 2017;Ziegler-Borowska et al., 2018). Starch granules in storage tissue can be varied in composition, size, and shape. ...
... The effect of oxidation on the surface of different starch granules was reported for Carioca bean (Vanier et al., 2012), normal and waxy corn (Sandhu et al., 2008), sword bean (Adebowale et al., 2006), corn, pea, sweet corn (Zhang et al., 2009), potato (Castanha et al., 2017;Tolvanen et al., 2009;Ziegler-Borowska et al., 2018), Maize (Liu et al. 2014), wheat (Sandhu et al., 2012), Corn (Zuo et al., 2017;Ziegler-Borowska et al., 2018). Starch granules in storage tissue can be varied in composition, size, and shape. ...
The process of oxidation is a widely used chemical modification technique that can improve the functional properties of starch by modifying its functional groups. Starch oxidation can be carried out by using sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and sodium periodate. Additionally, per-acetic acid, potassium permanganate, chromic acid, and nitrogen dioxide can also be used as oxidants. In oxidation, the hydroxyl group is firstly converted into carbonyl groups and then into carboxyl groups, this primarily takes place at the C2, C3, and C6 of the starch monomer. The changes in properties during chemical modification are significantly affected by the location of the hydroxyl group and glycosidic bond in starch. Oxidized starches tend to have reduced viscosity, swelling power, retrogradation tendency, and pasting temperature. However, post-oxidation changes may depend on factors such as botanical source, molecular structure, amorphous lamellae size, crystalline lamellae packing, reaction conditions, and type of oxidant used. Oxidized starches are used as drug delivery agents, food additives, thickeners, emulsifiers, gelling agents, stabilizers, bread conditioners, and gum arabic replacers. Oxidized starches are valuable ingredients in products such as paper, textiles, laundry finishing, and binding materials. The distinctive properties resulting from the oxidation process make them versatile and highly sought after. The use of oxidized starches is expected to continue growing, not just in the food industry, but also in other sectors.KeywordsOxidationHydrogen peroxideSodium hypochloriteSodium periodateOzone
... This oxidant also decreased starch digestibility as slowly digestible (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) contents increased during oxidation (Zhou et al., 2016). In regards to sodium periodate, the treatment resulted into formation of aldehyde group and cleavage of C2 and C3 carbons bond to form dialdehyde starch ( Fig. 2.2) Kariuki et al., 2022) which has been found useful in food and paper industries, as well as a basic ingredient in the manufacture of biodegradable plastics and films (Ziegler-Borowska et al., 2018). Dialdehyde starch is converted to dicarboxylic starch when it is oxidized. ...
Starch is one of the most abundant naturally occurring macromolecules and has received enormous research attention owing to its wide availability, low cost, biodegradability, biocompatibility, renewability, and excellent film-forming ability. It possesses some unique physical and chemical properties; however, due to strong hydrophilicity and other limitations, its industrial application is restricted in its native form. To cope with these challenges, there is a need to modify the starch. In this chapter, recent advances in physical modification such as heat moisture, high pressure, deep freezing and thawing, radiation, and ultrasonic treatment; chemical modification such as ozonation, succinylation, cross-linking, cationization, esterification, and etherification, among others as well as enzymatic modification. The physical, chemical, and structural changes enacted by both the physical and chemical, as well as enzymatic modification, were as well discussed. The modification of starch using chemicals resulted in low glycemic features, which in turn help in the overall glycemic load of foods.KeywordsStarch modificationPhysical modificationChemical modificationEnzymatic modificationRadiation treatment
