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![Texas Population Density by County Per Square Kilometer. Map Created by worldpopulationreview.com [10].](profile/Shyam-Sheladia/publication/349227052/figure/fig1/AS:990195541368833@1613092422311/Texas-Population-Density-by-County-Per-Square-Kilometer-Map-Created-by.png)
Texas Population Density by County Per Square Kilometer. Map Created by worldpopulationreview.com [10].
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The emergence of age-related chronic diseases within the United States has led to the direct increase of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other neurological diseases which ultimately contribute to the development of dementia within the general population. To be specific, age-related chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, high cholester...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... in population density within the state itself. Although the 180 counties of West Texas account for over 50% of the surface area, they only hold 11% of the Texas population [10]. Due to the growth of suburbs as well as strong economic and job opportunities, the population growth of Texas is continuing the "rural flight" trend [10]. As seen in Fig. 2, the population density is heavily concentrated in the counties located on the eastern side of the state [10]. To put this into perspective, the three largest cities in Texas (Houston, Dallas, and San Antonio) each have a population over 1,300,000 and are located in East Texas [10]. Additionally, according to a 2014 study, 5 of the 15 ...
Citations
... However, progress regarding its cure is still one of the many problems that we face today. AD can be defined very broadly as significant damage to a person's memory and cognition that also affects one's communication and reasoning [1]. The average postdiagnosis survival rate for AD typically ranges from 5 to 8 years [2]. ...
... According to recent studies, Texas is currently fourth in the US, in the total number of patients diagnosed with AD and second in total deaths [1]. In Texas alone, there were 10,101 deaths of patients with AD in 2019 [18]. ...
... According to the National Center for Education Statistics, NH whites over the age of 25 earned a bachelor's degree or higher at a rate of 34% compared to Hispanics at a rate of 15% [86]. Another study found that although Hispanics accounted for over 40% of the total population of Texas in 2018, only 15.2% of Hispanic or Latino Americans held a bachelor's degree or higher [1]. As seen in Table 2, with a lower level of educational attainment, one is likely to make significantly less money. ...
A caregiver is a constantly evolving role that an individual most likely undertakes at some point in their lifetime. With discoveries and research in increasing life expectancy, the prevalence of neurological-related diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia, is certainly likely to require more caregivers. The demand for AD caregivers is escalating as the prevalence of the disease continues to rise. The projected rise in AD within the Hispanic population in the United States over the next few decades is expected to be the most significant among all ethnic groups. The Hispanic population faces unique dementia risks due to cultural factors like language barriers, lower education, and limited healthcare access. Higher rates of conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease further elevate dementia risk. Family dynamics and caregiving responsibilities also differ, affecting dementia management within Hispanic households. Addressing these distinct challenges requires culturally sensitive approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and support for Hispanic individuals and their family’s facing dementia. With AD and other dementia becoming more prevalent, this article will attempt to expand upon the status of caregivers concerning their economic, health, and cultural statuses. We will attempt to focus on the Hispanic caregivers that live in Texas and more specifically, West Texas due to the lack of current literature that applies to this area of Texas. Lastly, we discuss the ramifications of a multitude of factors that affect caregivers in Texas and attempt to provide tools that can be readily available for Hispanics and others alike.
... Sadly, this is also the group of people most likely to suffer from dementia, particularly ADRD. In addition to the prevalence of various dementias, this same population has an extremely high rate of comorbidities, notably cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol, diabetes, and kidney disease [24]. In 2019, Hispanics in the United States exhibited a life expectancy advantage of 3.0 years and 7.1 years compared to non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks, respectively. ...
Dementia is a major health concern in society, particularly in the aging population. It is alarmingly increasing in ethnic minorities such as Native Americans, African Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, and to some extent Asians. With increasing comorbidities of dementia such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension, dementia rates are expected to increase in the next decade and beyond. Understanding and treating dementia, as well as determining how to prevent it, has become a healthcare priority across the globe for all races and genders. Awareness about dementia and its consequences such as healthcare costs, and caregiver burden are immediate needs to be addressed. Therefore, it is high time for all of us to create awareness about dementia in society, particularly among Hispanics/Latinos, Native Americans, and African Americans. In the current article, we discuss the status of dementia, cultural, and racial impacts on dementia diagnosis and care, particularly in Hispanic populations, and possible steps to increase dementia awareness. We also discussed factors that need to be paid attention to, including, cultural & language barriers, low socioeconomic status, limited knowledge/education, religious/spiritual beliefs and not accepting modern medicine/healthcare facilities. Our article also covers both mental & physical health issues of caregivers who are living with patients with dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and Alzheimer's disease-related dementias. Most importantly, we discussed possible measures to create awareness about dementia, including empowering community advocacy, promoting healthy lifestyle choices, education on the impact of nutrition, encouraging community participation, and continued collaboration and evaluation of the success of dementia awareness.
... Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disease and a leading cause of dementia [1]. It is characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline, due to a persistent neurodegeneration and brain atrophy [2,3]. ...
... The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. 1 ...
Background
Recent reports have highlighted the significance of plant bioactive components in drug development targeting neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, the current study assessed antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory activity of the aqueous extract of Talinum triangulare leave (AETt) as well as molecular docking/simulation of the identified phytonutrients against human cholinesterase activities.
Methods
In vitro assays were carried out to assess the 2,2- azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cation radicals and cholinesterase inhibitory activities of AETt using standard protocols. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection (HPLC–DAD) was employed to identify compounds in AETt. Also, for computational analysis, identified bioactive compounds from AETt were docked using Schrodinger's GLIDE against human cholinesterase obtained from the protein data bank (https://www.rcsb.org/).
Results
The results revealed that AETt exhibited a significant concentration-dependent inhibition against ABTS cation radicals (IC50 = 308.26 ± 4.36 µg/ml) with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as the reference. Similarly, AETt demonstrated a significant inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (AChE, IC50 = 326.49 ± 2.01 µg/ml) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, IC50 = 219.86 ± 4.13 µg/ml) activities with galanthamine as the control. Molecular docking and simulation analyses revealed rutin and quercetin as potential hits from AETt, having showed strong binding energies for both the AChE and BChE. In addition, these findings were substantiated by analyses, including radius of gyration, root mean square fluctuation, root mean square deviation, as well as mode similarity and principal component analyses.
Conclusion
Overall, this study offers valuable insights into the interactions and dynamics of protein–ligand complexes, offering a basis for further drug development targeting these proteins in AD.
... 10 Disease prevalence, economic status, culture, and ethnicity contribute to ADR patterns. 11 The incidence of ADRs varies by study but ranges from 0.15% to 30%. In one study conducted at an Indian tertiary care hospital, antibiotics were responsible for 40.9% of ADRs. ...
Background: An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is defined as a harmful or unpleasant reaction due to the use of a drug and may cause different types of effects, such as side effects. The World Health Organization states that adverse drug effects are a response to harmful and unintended medicine and occur at doses normally used in men for the prevention, diagnosis, or therapy of disease or for modifying physiological function. Aims and Objectives: The objective of the study was ADR monitoring of commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at Rama Hospital and the Research Center Mandhana Kanpur. Data were collected from the patients attending the outpatient and inpatient departments (OPD and IPD) of the medicine departments during the study period at Rama Hospital Mandhana, Kanpur. The sample size was a total of 60 patients. The study duration was conducted for 1 year. Data were collected by analyzing OPDs and IPDs in the Department of Medicine. Results: There are different types of adverse drug effects; we observed only three types of adverse drug effects in this study. The most commonly observed ADR was type A (56.66%). Out of the total ADRs reported in antimicrobial agents, skin ADRs (42.02%) and gastrointestinal tract ADRs (57.97%) are higher. There are also three different types of severity conditions observed in patients prescribed antimicrobial drugs; among them, the most commonly observed severity conditions were mild (58.33%). Conclusion: These study findings suggest that antimicrobial drugs are generally safe for most patients but can cause mild ADRs. It is important to monitor patients for ADRs while taking antimicrobial drugs and to provide appropriate treatment if necessary. Pharmacovigilance programs can help to identify and monitor ADRs, which can lead to improved patient safety.
... Initially, those suffering with AD may experience impairments with memory, lack of interest, and the performance of daily tasks. The risk of acquiring Alzheimer's disease increases twofold every five years for persons aged 65 and older [3]. Currently, there is no available cure for Alzheimer's disease that can cure its effects. ...
Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease causing memory loss and brain protein accumulation. Early diagnosis is crucial for clinical trials and patient care. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods have improved diagnosis and prognosis, but doctors need to interpret images proficiently. Deep learning technology has shown potential in detecting Alzheimer’s disease, but the disease progresses slower in early phases. A new dual-attention convolutional autoencoder model is presented, offering improved detection abilities and potential for real-time use in Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis. The study utilized two datasets: the first ADNI dataset, which includes three classes (MCI, CN, and AD), and the second Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Dataset, which includes two distinct classes (AD and MCI). We analyze the effectiveness of our proposed model by evaluating key performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, F1 score, and AUC score. In addition, we utilize cross-validation and mean absolute error to validate our model while also fine-tuning the parameters. Based on experimental data, the proposed model accurately detected Alzheimer’s disease with an accuracy of 0.9902 ± 0.0139. Based on the results, the proposed model demonstrates excellent performance compared to the existing methods described in the literature. The proposed mode achieves precision, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.9882 ± 0.0587, 0.9898 ± 0.0865, 0.9912 ± 0.0872 respectively. The model achieved an AUC score of 0.9992 for MCI and 0.9919 for AD class. Furthermore, the proposed method can enhance the affordability of Alzheimer’s disease diagnostics and increase the rate of early AD detection by facilitating remote healthcare.
... It is estimated that as many as 6.5 million people have AD [6]. Every five years, the number of AD patients doubles for people above 65 [7,8]. While there is currently no cure for AD, medications like acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can delay cognitive and functional deterioration and may enhance patients' overall quality of life [9,10]. ...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurological disease and a serious cause of dementia, which constitutes a threat to human health. The clinical evidence has found that extracellular amyloid-beta peptides (Aβ), phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and intracellular tau proteins, which are derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP), are the leading biomarkers for accurate and early diagnosis of AD due to their central role in disease pathology, their correlation with disease progression, their diagnostic value, and their implications for therapeutic interventions. Their detection and monitoring contribute significantly to understanding AD and advancing clinical care. Available diagnostic techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), are mainly used to validate AD diagnosis. However, these methods are expensive, yield results that are difficult to interpret, and have common side effects such as headaches, nausea, and vomiting. Therefore, researchers have focused on developing cost-effective, portable, and point-of-care alternative diagnostic devices to detect specific biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and other biofluids. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in developing electrochemical immunosensors for detecting AD biomarkers (Aβ and p-tau protein) and their subtypes (AβO, Aβ(1-40), Aβ(1-42), t-tau, cleaved-tau (c-tau), p-tau181, p-tau231, p-tau381, and p-tau441). We also evaluated the key characteristics and electrochemical performance of developed immunosensing platforms, including signal interfaces, nanomaterials or other signal amplifiers, biofunctionalization methods, and even primary electrochemical sensing performances (i.e., sensitivity, linear detection range, the limit of detection (LOD), and clinical application).
... The first breakdown of APP results in the formation of a C-terminal fragment, and which is then cleaved by γ secretase to form a misfolded protein called Aβ. Tau is considered as a cytoskeletal protein structure that is essential for the maintenance of micro tubular structures in the neuronal axons. The cytoskeleton of the neuronal axon is mainly involved in nutrient transport, in maintaining the cellular organelles, and signal transduction [4][5][6]. Tau proteins are usually subordinate in oligo-dendrocytes and astrocytes [7]. Pathological tau can form tangles and neuropil threads which are commonly seen in AD brain. ...
Proteolysis-targeting technology is a new emerging technique to target mutated, denatured, and misfolded proteins that accumulate in various parts of the body. The accumulation of these aggregated harmful proteins, such as β-amyloid (Aβ), tau, mHTT, polyglutamates, and other proteins in the brain, are some of the reasons for the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Aβ accumulation and hyperphosphorylation are the common signals for the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Developing conventional small molecule inhibitors to target these accumulating proteins is a difficult task due to the undruggable/indestructible nature of certain protein molecules. However, the removal of these aggregates as a defense mechanism by different protein quality control systems in our body is a normal physiological process. Advancements in the field of medicinal chemistry has led to the development of various chemical mediated targeted protein degradation techniques, which target disease causing protein of interest (POI) through ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) to dissolve/degrade the misfolded proteins. Such methods involve the development of molecular glues, proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), autophagosome conjugated compounds, and hydrophobic tagging. This article covers a recent update on designing of PROTACs using different linkers, their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, in addition to advantages and disadvantages of PROTACs as therapeutic modalities to treat AD.
Graphical Abstract
... living on Alzheimer's disease than other dementia types, with double the prevalence risk (see Table 6). Recent studies reiterate environmental or socioeconomic risk factors or limited healthcare access when interpreting the rural effect (25,39,40). In contrast, other studies suggest that environmental exposure to PM2.5, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and nanoparticles increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease among urban dwellers (23,24,(41)(42)(43). ...
Background
Rural-urban differences and spatial navigation deficits have received much attention in Alzheimer’s Disease research. While individual environmental and neighborhood factors have been independently investigated, their integrative, multifactorial effects on Alzheimer’s diagnosis have not. Here we explore this “environmental complexity” for predictive power in classifying Alzheimer’s from cognitively-normal status.Methods
We utilized data from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC) uniform data set containing annual visits since 2005 and selected individuals with multiple visits and who remained in their zipcode (N = 22,553). We georeferenced each subject with 3-digit zipcodes of their residences since entering the program. We calculated environmental complexity measures using geospatial tools from street networks and landmarks for spatial navigation in subjects’ zipcode zones. Zipcode zones were grouped into two cognitive classes (Cognitively-Normal and Alzheimer’s-inclined) based on the ratios of AD and dementia subjects to all subjects in an individual zipcode zone. We randomly selected 80% of the data to train a neural network classifier model on environmental complexity measures to predict the cognitive class for each zone, controlling for salient demographic variables. The remaining 20% served as the test set for performance evaluation.ResultsOur proposed model reached excellent classification ability on the testing data: 83.87% accuracy, 95.23% precision, 83.33% recall, and 0.8889 F1-score (F1-score=1 for perfect prediction). The most salient features of “Alzheimer’s-inclined” zipcode zones included longer street-length average, higher circuity, and slightly fewer points of interest. Most “cognitively-normal” zipcode zones appeared in or near urban areas with high environmental complexity measures.Conclusion
Environmental complexity, reflected in frequency and density of street networks and landmarks features, predicted with high precision the cognitive status of 3-digit zipcode zones based on the etiologic diagnoses and observed cognitive impairment of NACC subjects residing in these zones. The zipcode zones vary widely in size (1.6 km2 to 35,241 km2), and large zipcode zones suffer high spatial heterogeneity. Other proven AD risk factors, such as PM2.5, disperse across zones, and so do individual’s activities, leading to spatial uncertainty. Nevertheless, the model classifies diagnosis well, establishing the need for prospective experiments to quantify effects of environmental complexity on Alzheimer’s development.
... Along with the change of diet structure and the acceleration of the aging process, inflammasome-associated chronic diseases have become a major health killer for human beings, despite an enormous investment of clinical and financial resources [1]. At present, the common chronic diseases accompanied by inflammation include cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetesbased oral diseases, endocrine diseases, kidney diseases, bone diseases, and neurological diseases [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Point-of-care testing (POCT) has emerged as a promising tool for chronic or infectious disease diagnosis due to its portable testing modalities and accurate decisions. ...
Point-of-care testing (POCT) has been widely employed for chronic disease diagnosis due to its portable testing modalities and fast medical decisions. However, conventional POCT techniques lack the means of rapid and precise treatment, deviating from the requirement of an integrated theragnostics system for home diagnosis and personalized therapy. Here, we present a smartphone-controlled, system-level bioelectronic drug with programmable point-of-care theragnostics (POCTH) for chronic kidney disease monitoring. The system features a urine-based colorimetric sensor for pathological quantification and engineered bacteria that can generate targeted immune regulators (IL-10) for disease modulation, allowing real-time, at-home chronic disease diagnosis and treatment. Customized smartphone applications have been developed for image capture, colorimetric analysis, and wireless transmission. Besides, a flexible optoelectronic device has also been fabricated for conformal integration with rats and wireless modulation of optogenetic bacteria. The system leads to sophisticated applications in physiological monitoring and personalized diagnosis of chronic diseases.
... Dementia has become a global epidemic driven primarily by population aging. 1 Over 50 million people are living with dementia worldwide, and the number is projected to triple by 2050, unless effective preventive interventions are identified and implemented. 2 In the past three decades, evidence has accumulated that modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors (eg, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and obesity), especially occurring in midlife, and unhealthy lifestyles (eg, smoking and physical inactivity) are associated with an increased risk of dementia, especially vascular dementia (VaD). ...
Purpose:
We explore the associations of individual and composite cardiovascular health metrics with all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia among rural-dwelling older adults and the potential age variations in their associations.
Patients and methods:
This community-based cross-sectional study included 4980 older adults (age ≥65 years; 57.23% women) from the baseline examination of MIND-China. In March-September 2018, data were collected via face-to-face interviews, clinical examinations, and laboratory test. We defined six cardiovascular health metrics according to the modified American Heart Association's recommendations. We diagnosed dementia and its subtypes following the international criteria. Data were analyzed using logistic regression models.
Results:
Of all the participants, 250 were diagnosed with dementia, including 165 with Alzheimer's disease and 75 with vascular dementia. Ideal composite global cardiovascular health metrics (vs poor composite metrics) were associated with a multi-adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.62 (0.42-0.93) for dementia, 0.88 (0.52-1.48) for Alzheimer's disease, and 0.31 (0.16-0.60) for vascular dementia. Moreover, ideal biological cardiovascular health metrics were associated with multi-adjusted odds ratio of 0.52 (0.28-0.95) for dementia and 0.21 (0.06-0.77) for vascular dementia in young-old adults (65-74 years), whereas ideal behavioral cardiovascular health metrics were associated with multi-adjusted odds ratio of 0.48 (0.26-0.89) for dementia and 0.16 (0.06-0.43) for vascular dementia in old-old adults (≥75 years).
Conclusion:
Our results suggest that ideal cardiovascular health metrics are cross-sectionally associated with a low likelihood of dementia and vascular dementia among rural-dwelling older Chinese adults. The associations vary with age, components of cardiovascular health metrics, and dementia subtypes.
