Figure 1 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
Content may be subject to copyright.
Testing for thyroid dysfunction and hypothyroidism treatment in obese patients (based on ref. [5]). AITD, autoimmune thyroid disorder; aTPO, thyroid peroxidase antibodies; fT4, free thyroxine; LT4, levothyroxine; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; * If TSH and fT4 levels suggest subclinical hypothyroidism.
Source publication
Endocrine disorders including hypothyroidism and hypercortisolism are considered as causes of secondary obesity. However, several hormonal abnormalities can also be found in individuals with primary (simple) obesity. Part of them results from the adipose tissue dysfunction that, via secreted adipokines, modulates the function of endocrine organs an...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... of thyroid hormones to obese individuals without thyroid disease to induce weight reduction or improve metabolic profile is not justified and may lead to hyperthyroidism and its complications. Recommendations for testing for thyroid dysfunction in obese patients and their management are summarized in Figure 1 ...
Citations
... It is well-known that many chronic health conditions faced by children and adolescents are associated with the presence of obesity, such as type II diabetes, dyslipidemia, polycystic ovarian syndrome, intracranial hypertension, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, musculoskeletal conditions, and obstructive sleep apnea (summarized in [101]). Children may have underlying conditions that increase the risk of obesity and its associated comorbidities, including genetic disorders, endocrine disorders, and inborn errors of metabolism [102][103][104]. Obesity is more prevalent among youth with autism, ADHD, and behavioral health disorders [105][106][107][108]. Children may require treatment with medications that are associated with weight gain, such as systemic steroids, anti-epileptic medications, or psychotropic drugs [109]. ...
Youth with chronic health conditions face an elevated risk of eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors. Contributors to this phenomenon may include the unique threats faced by this vulnerable population to their body image, their relationships with food and eating, and their mental health and self-esteem. However, youth with chronic health conditions may also experience more severe medical complications and mortality from eating disorder behaviors because of the additional risks conveyed by their underlying conditions. In this review, clinical strategies are provided to support youth with chronic health conditions through early recognition of eating disorder behaviors and prompt referral to treatment, which is important for a better prognosis. Suggestions are also given to mitigate their risk of developing eating disorders by proactively addressing risk factors and offering thoughtful anticipatory guidance that promotes a positive relationship with food and eating.
... Obesity is a prevalent cause of all metabolic and endocrine issues (Kurylowicz, 2021;Powell-Wiley et al., 2021). Obesity is the term for excessive fat deposition, which increases the probability of every complication. ...
The prevalence of obesity among women worldwide has escalated to 26%, and among adolescent girls, it is 18%. An elevated BMI is closely associated with metabolic and gynecological issues in women. PCOS is a serious and frequently prevalent obesity-related comorbidity that manifests in girls and women genetically prone to it. A cross-sectional study examined the intake of several types of junk food in 200 girls with and without menstrual abnormalities by investigating their menstrual patterns, anthropometric measures, and eating frequency. It found that junk food consumption was substantially related to menstrual difficulties. Junk food slows down the body's metabolism and reduces the calories it burns, making it challenging to maintain a healthy weight. Junk food indirectly affects androgen levels through IR. Elevated insulin levels cause the decline of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a regulatory protein that suppresses the activity of androgens in females and causes hyperandrogenism when cytokines cause IR. There is a correlation between the current young society and junk food which lead to obesity and its complications. Its already been proven that consuming junk food rapidly and frequently results in binge and overeating without reaching satiety and limiting the amount of energy consumed. Obesity and junk eating are inherently connected with hormones. In the globalized era, when there is an abundance of fast food and sedentary lifestyles foster weight gain, polygenic obesity is the most prevalent sort of obesity. A highly integrated gut-to-brain neuroendocrine system controls appetite and body weight by monitoring both short- and long-term fluctuations in energy intake and expenditure. Several diet regimens, like the ketogenic diet, DASH diet, low GI diet, etc, make it easier to cut portion sizes and extra sugar and fat drastically. Provided our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms behind obesity and reproductive diseases, certain strategies should emphasize nutrition and lifestyle for treatment and management.
... The easily repeated obesityinduced sensitivity of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenalaxis complex (HPA axis) from stressor stimuli, as well as increased induction of peripheral cortisol production from enlargedsize adipose tissue lead to hypercortisolism syndrome. Cortisol levels that are too high have been associated with an early projection of metabolic syndrome and psychiatric problems including sadness and anxiety [4,5]. Obesity also disrupts skeletal muscle mitochondrial activity and its enzymatic and oxidative capabilities. ...
... In order to skip surgery and its complications, cryolipolysis is one of these new technologies that can reduce or remove fat deposits especially central abdominal adiposities [10]. However, considering the hugespectrum cortisol changes that occur in obese people, especially centralobese ones, the impact of weight loss on cortisol secretion deserves more research [5]. No previous studies have evaluated or compared the cryolipolysis cooling effect versus exercise on stress hormone cortisol, 6minute walking test (6MWT, a measure for physical function), and VO 2 max (as a measure for aerobic capacity) in visceral adiposity patients. ...
Purpose. This is the first comparative study aimed to find out the effect of moderate continuous aerobic exercise versus the widely popular body reshaping intervention, cryolipolysis, on cortisol (stress hormone), aerobic capacity (VO2max), 6-minute walking test (6MWT) in central-obesity (CO) patients. Methods. Sixty CO patients (30 men and 30 women) were recruited from El Zawia El Hamra One Day Surgery Egyptian Hospital with a body mass index (BMI) ranged from 35–39.9 kg/m2 to be randomly assigned to the aerobic continuous moderate-intensity exercise group (thirty patients who received 30 minutes of treadmill walking, 3 sessions per week) and cryolipolysis group (thirty patients received on-abdomen one session for 60 minutes weekly). Both groups were ordered to reduce their daily diets to 1500–1800 Kcal/day (the diet was revised by a diet specialist every 14 days to consider the inclusion of fat (20–25%), carbohydrate (high complex, 50–60%), and protein components (25–30%). Anthropometry (weight, BMI, and waist circumference), plasma cortisol, VO2max, and 6MWD were assessed before and after 12-week cryolipolysis and exercise. Results. A significantly improved difference was extracted using paired tests either within-exercise or with-cryolipolysis groups regarding the patients' weight, BMI, cortisol, VO2max, and 6MWT. In favor of the exercise group, the post-treatment comparison between exercise and cryolipolysis groups showed a more marked significant statistical difference (p < 0.05) regarding the patients' weight, BMI, VO2max, and 6MWD. In favor of the cryolipolysis group, post-treatment waist circumference showed a more marked significant decrease when compared to its post-treatment level of the exercise group. Regarding post cortisol levels between exercise and cryolipolysis groups, a non-significant difference was reported. Conclusion: After the addition of aerobic exercise or cryolipolysis to a 12-week supervised DR plan, both therapeutic interventions can improve central fat deposition, weight, cortisol, VO2max, and 6MWT in CO patients.
Over the years, the vaste expansion of plastic manufacturing has dramatically increased the environmental impact of microplastics [MPs] and nanoplastics [NPs], making them a threat to marine and terrestrial biota because they contain endocrine disrupting chemicals [EDCs] and other harmful compounds. MPs and NPs have deleteriouse impacts on mammalian endocrine components such as hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, testes, and ovaries. MPs and NPs absorb and act as a transport medium for harmful chemicals such as bisphenols, phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ether, polychlorinated biphenyl ether, organotin, perfluorinated compounds, dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organic contaminants, and heavy metals, which are commonly used as additives in plastic production. As the EDCs are not covalently bonded to plastics, they can easily leach into milk, water, and other liquids affecting the endocrine system of mammals upon exposure. The toxicity induced by MPs and NPs is size-dependent, as smaller particles have better absorption capacity and larger surface area, releasing more EDC and toxic chemicals. Various EDCs contained or carried by MPs and NPs share structural similarities with specific hormone receptors; hence they interfere with normal hormone receptors, altering the hormonal action of the endocrine glands. This review demonstrates size-dependent MPs’ bioaccumulation, distribution, and translocation with potential hazards to the endocrine gland. We reviewed that MPs and NPs disrupt hypothalamic-pituitary axes, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid/adrenal/testicular/ovarian axis leading to oxidative stress, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, developmental abnormalities, decreased sperm quality, and immunotoxicity. The direct consequences of MPs and NPs on the thyroid, testis, and ovaries are documented. Still, studies need to be carried out to identify the direct effects of MPs and NPs on the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands.
