Figure 9 - uploaded by Jamie Bartram
Content may be subject to copyright.
1. Test format of the DNA chip array. Nucleic acid extraction, amplification and labelling are manual steps, whereas hybridization, DNA chip reading and interpretation are undertaken by dedicated instrumentation (ds DNA: double-stranded DNA; ss RNA: single-stranded RNA; Fl: labelled ribonucleotide (rUTP-fluoresceine); 1: nucleotide tested at interrogation position; 2: nucleotide at interrogation position). Source: www.affymetrix.com.
Similar publications
Understanding mixed-land-use practices and physicochemical influences on Escherichia (E.) coli concentrations is necessary to improve water quality management and human health. Weekly stream water samples and physicochemical data were collected from 22 stream gauging sites representing varying land use practices in a contemporary Appalachian waters...
The unsustainable interference of anthropogenic activities such as industrialization, urbanization, tourism, mining, agriculture sector deterioration the water resources. Day by day the quality of the water resources is declined and that creates many problems such as disturbing the aquatic life, human health, and other intended uses. In the middle...
Bacterial infections that are due to consumption of poor quality water are still an important threat to human health and life. The aim of the article was to investigate the bacteriological threat of water from home wells. The results of water testing from individual wells constituted research material. On their basis, the health risk of fecal strep...
Water is an essential environmental constituent and its quality is an issue of primary interest for the residents. The quality of water is a cru-cial factor for human health. The assessment of water quality is done in various ways. A very powerful tool for this purpose is the Water Quality Index (WQI). The objective of this paper is to propose and...
Citations
... Despite weak correlation between ATP and HPC, it is worth noting that using guideline ranges to interpret ATP versus HPC data can lead to highly consistent conclusions. To illustrate, HPC results > 100 CFU/mL can be considered indicative of a need for investigation, based on the drinking water standard limit of 100 CFU/mL employed in jurisdictions like Germany, The Netherlands, and Japan (Robertson and Brooks, 2003) If these guidelines (HPC: 100 CFU/mL and cATP: 10 pg/mL) are used to interpret HPC and cATP results obtained from the Metro Vancouver study, then consistent conclusions would be reached for 39 out of the 40 samples or 98% of the sample set. That is, both HPC and cATP exceed 100 CFU/mL and 10 pg/mL for 39 out of 40 samples (98%), respectively. ...
ATP assays have a faster turnaround time and higher sensitivity than traditional cultivation methods for microbial monitoring. Challenges implementing ATP testing include incompatibility with chlorine quenching agents and hold time sensitivity, which are not well-studied. Chlorinated distribution system samples were collected from two Canadian utilities, Metro Vancouver (n = 40 samples) and Halifax Water (n = 283). No significant correlations were observed between HPC and cATP (p > 0.1), suggesting these do not correlate well in waters with low biological activity (median HPC < 2 CFU/mL). However, interpretation of HPC and ATP results (based on the HPC guideline of 100 CFU/mL and cATP of 10 pg/mL) yielded the same conclusion for 96% of samples, suggesting a potential decision-making framework to replace HPC with ATP. Moreover, cATP results correlate more consistently with free chlorine ( R s = -0.13 [p = 0.04, n = 283] and − 0.39 [p = 0.01, n = 40]) compared with HPC. Importantly, adding chlorine quench (10% sodium thiosulfate) did not produce significantly different cATP results (p > 0.4), nor did analyzing at various hold times of 4-, 6-, and 24-hour (p > 0.06). This study supports the integration of ATP testing into existing sampling procedures for water utilities, as a sensitive, fast, and reliable monitoring method.
... The presence of E. coli and Acinetobacter sp., in the WWTP could be because these pathogens can thrive both in human host and in wastewater (Higgins et al. 2018). Although, Acinetobacter sp. and Klebsiella sp. were isolated in both seasons, there has been no evidence of their association with gastrointestinal infection through waterborne route (Bartram 2003). They are referred to as opportunistic pathogens (Bartram 2003), but could be found in hospital environments and still be found in water samples (Antunes et al. 2014;Yeom et al. 2013). ...
... Although, Acinetobacter sp. and Klebsiella sp. were isolated in both seasons, there has been no evidence of their association with gastrointestinal infection through waterborne route (Bartram 2003). They are referred to as opportunistic pathogens (Bartram 2003), but could be found in hospital environments and still be found in water samples (Antunes et al. 2014;Yeom et al. 2013). However, Acinetobacter sp. has been identified as pathogen that poses health risk to individuals of compromised immune system, diabetes, individual with open wound, and chronic lung disease (CDC 2016). ...
This study is aimed at assessing the effectiveness of hospital’s wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in removing nutrients, pathogenic bacteria, and addressing antibiotic resistance using a case study of a tertiary hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria. During the dry and wet seasons in the month of July and December, respectively, samples were collected, and analyzed using standard guidelines to examine significant physicochemical parameters of the WTTP; to evaluate the removal efficiency of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), and to examine the prevalence of pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The results of this study showed that during the dry season, certain parameters exceeded acceptable limits, including temperature, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), phosphate, and nitrate. Although there were reductions in BOD (1555 mg/L to 482 mg/L) and COD levels (3160 mg/L to 972 mg/L), they remained above acceptable limits by World Health Organization. In the wet season, the level of COD (20 mg/L) in the effluent was within acceptable limit, while the BOD (160 mg/L) was above the acceptable limit. The WWTP effectively removed nutrients and reduced the microbial load, as evident from the absence of fecal coliforms in the effluent in both seasons. In respect to BOD removal efficiency, the level of purification of wastewater by the WWTP was 69% during the dry season, while the removal efficiency of COD was 83.54% which showed the efficiency of the WWTP at the removal of COD. However, antibiotic resistance was still present. The study concludes that while the WWTP effectively addressed nutrients and microbial load, additional measures such as tertiary treatment methods like chlorination and UV radiation are necessary to tackle antibiotic resistance. This is crucial to prevent the release of antibiotic-resistant bacteria into the environment, safeguarding human health, animals, plants, and overall environmental well-being.
... All the physicochemical parameters checked in our study complied with the standards. Values exceeding the mentioned standards may result in noticeable taste differences (Bartram et al. 2003). The turbidity of all the samples ranged from 0.34 to 0.78, which is much lower than the national standard limit of 5 NTU. ...
... P. aeruginosa, on the other hand, is a common environmental contaminant that can compromise the efficiency of any treatment process (Addo et al. 2009) and has been identified as a persistent contaminant in water bottling plants (Morais et al. 1997). Some use P. aeruginosa and Heterotrophic Plate Count values as process management indicators in bottled water production rather than health risk indicators (Bartram et al. 2003). However, P. aeruginosa poses a health risk primarily to immunocompromised patients and can also affect the taste, odor, and turbidity of potable water (Herath et al. 2014). ...
Urban packaged water samples of Ouagadougou were studied in order to assess their bacteriological and chemical characteristics and suitability for potable purposes. The study also investigated the sanitation of the companies producing packaged water. Packaged water from 17 different brands was purchased and analyzed for physicochemical (turbidity, pH, EC, total hardness, NH4+, NO3-, HCO3-, SO42-, and Cl−) and bacteriological (total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus, and sulphite-reducing anaerobic bacteria) parameters. The production sites investigation included: (1) distance between latrines and water sources superior to 15 m, (2) hygiene of handling personnel, (3) training of handling personnel on good hygiene practice and manufacturing, (4) hygiene of premises, and (5) hygiene of toilets. All the samples met the national guidelines for the physicochemical parameters investigated. Enterococcus, sulphite-reducing anaerobic bacteria spores, and E. coli were not found. Total coliforms were found in 8 (47.1%) in February, 9 (52.9%) in March, 2 (11.7%) in April, and 5 (29.4%) in May, while 7 (41.2%) brands were always in compliance with the guidelines. Some packaged waters were contaminated with total coliforms or P. aeruginosa above acceptable limits for human consumption. Regarding bacteriological contamination, it is necessary to reinforce water treatment systems in certain packaged water companies.
... This behavior is expected, since with greater runoff there may be a greater contribution of organic matter to water bodies. This microbiological group are usually in greater quantity in relation to the bacteria of the coliform group, due to the possibility of natural presence in the waters (BARTRAM, 2003). There is no current legislation for the monitoring of heterotrophic bacteria, and it is, therefore, a parameter that indirectly relates the organic load present in the water. ...
The growth of urban centers has been causing interference in water quality. Because of this, it is necessary to monitor the environment of water bodies, either by quality parameters or by the application of the Rapid Assessment Protocol (PAR). In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the level of disturbance and water quality of the Água Fresca Stream, a microbasin of the Cambé stream in the municipality of Londrina, in the north of Paraná, by means of a PAR and physicochemical analyses of turbidity, electrical conductivity and pH, and microbiological analyses of heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms and Escherechia coli (E.coli). For this, five sampling points were established and water collection campaigns were carried out in two months with different rainfall rates, being March (215.1 mm) and April (83.6 mm) of 2022. From the analysis of the PAR it is concluded that the Água Fresca Stream can be considered as an impacted stretch, also observed by the values of electrical conductivity, from 161 to 173 μS/cm. The highest concentrations of total coliforms, heterotrophic bacteria and E.coli occurred in the month with the highest rainfall, reaching concentrations of 62,600, 163,900 and 3,000 CFU/100 mL, respectively, influenced by the greater surface runoff caused by rainwater.
... Water quality assessed by biological, physical and chemical indicators. Several health-based limits and mandatory drinking water standards exist in national [4] and international [4], [11], [20] [3], [21] [22] [23] [18] standards. ...
... Ps. aeruginosa has the same trend for HPC bacteria in our research. The standard plate count agar procedure was used for analyzing samples for HPC bacteria [3]. The highest count was recorded in inlet water and reached for 4000 CFU/mL in October. ...
... previous Studies [3], [8], [43] results showed significant differences (p<0.05) between sites for heterotrophic bacteria, Total coliform, Thermotolerant Coliforms bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis, Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique (Fig. 16). Inlet water recorded the highest counts in February, reaching 37000 cfu/100 mL for TC; 3200 cfu/100 mL for TTC; and 1580 cfu/100 mL for Ent. ...
Using river water as a source for drinking water is a big challenge. The aim of this study was to determine the fate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa "opportunistic bacteria " in Al Kabeer Al Shamali River and its correlation with drinking water quality (pH, Electrical conductivity, Turbidity, NO3-, NO2-, NH4+ and PO4-3) in three locations; lake inlet " Ghammam Bridge ", artificial (the 16th Tishreen Dam Lake, and the outlet Ain al-Bayda irrigation tunnel). during the period 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The membrane filtration technique was used to detect Ps. Aeruginosa. Results showed significant differences (p<0.05) between sites for Ps. Aeruginosa, EC, Tur and NO3- . The highest counts for Ps. aeruginosa recorded in Ghammam Bridge water reaching 290000 cfu/100 mL in Jun and correlated with NH4+ (r =0.72). Then counts decreased to 420 cfu/100 ml in May in 16 Tishreen Dam Lake water, due to stratification and environmental stresses. Ps. Aeruginosa counts were higher in lake outlet than 16th Dam Lake and reached 53000 cfu/ 100 ml in July, May due to the release from sediments. Canadian Water Quality Index CCME WQI showed that the lake inlet water is moderate class C (64). The waters of 16th Dam Lake and the outlet are of good grade II B due to sedimentation. These results provide the basis for choosing appropriate sterilization methods to reach health goals to connect this major water source to the drinking water network in Lattakia city
... Ps. aeruginosa has the same trend for HPC bacteria in our research. The standard plate count agar procedure was used for analyzing samples for HPC bacteria [3]. The highest count was recorded in inlet water and reached for 4000 CFU/mL in October. ...
... previous Studies [3], [8], [43] results showed significant differences (p<0.05) between sites for heterotrophic bacteria, Total coliform, Thermotolerant Coliforms bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis, Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique (Fig. 16). Inlet water recorded the highest counts in February, reaching 37000 cfu/100 mL for TC; 3200 cfu/100 mL for TTC; and 1580 cfu/100 mL for Ent. ...
Using Al Kabeer Al Shamali River water as a source of drinking water is a big bacteriological challenge. So, the aim of this study was to determine Ps. ae-ruginosa bacteria and its correlation with drinking water quality and hetero-trophic bacteria HPC in three locations; lake inlet " Ghammam Bridge ", artificial (the 16th Tishreen Dam Lake, and lake outlet Ain al-Bayda irrigation tunnel). during the period 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. membrane filtration technique was used to detect Ps. Aeruginosa. Results showed significant differences (p<0.05) between sites for Ps. Aeruginosa, EC, Tur and NO3-. The highest counts for Ps. aeruginosa were recorded in Ghammam Bridge water reaching 290000 cfu/100 mL in Jun and correlated with NH4+ (r =0.72). Then counts decreased to 420 cfu/100 ml in May in 16 Tishreen Dam Lake water, due to stratification and environmental stresses. Ps. Aeruginosa counts were higher in lake outlet than 16th Dam Lake and reached 53000 cfu/ 100 ml May due to the release from sediments. Ps. Aeruginosa. correlate with HPC bacteria and NH4+. That's mean Bacteria play a role in treating polluted water. Canadian Water Quality Index CCME WQI showed that the lake inlet water is moderate class C (64). The waters of 16th Dam Lake and the outlet are of good grade II B due to sedimentation. These results provide the basis for choosing appropriate sterilization methods to reach health goals to connect this major water source to the drinking water network in Lattakia city .
... All Petrifilm TM plates were readied for incubation following the instructions from the manufacturer, and then incubated at 37 °C in a transportable electric incubator, in stacks of 5 to 10. Heterotrophic counts provide an early indication of a deterioration in water quality ( Bartram et al., 2003 ), and are well suited to identify distribution systems and raw water resources where the conditions are favorable to bacterial growth, including for pathogens if present. While the new Greenlandic regulation no longer mentions incubation at 37 °C ( Thomas et al., 2016 ), the enumeration of "colony counts at 37 °C (…) is still considered to be of some value ( Bartram et al., 2003 ). ...
... All Petrifilm TM plates were readied for incubation following the instructions from the manufacturer, and then incubated at 37 °C in a transportable electric incubator, in stacks of 5 to 10. Heterotrophic counts provide an early indication of a deterioration in water quality ( Bartram et al., 2003 ), and are well suited to identify distribution systems and raw water resources where the conditions are favorable to bacterial growth, including for pathogens if present. While the new Greenlandic regulation no longer mentions incubation at 37 °C ( Thomas et al., 2016 ), the enumeration of "colony counts at 37 °C (…) is still considered to be of some value ( Bartram et al., 2003 ). Moreover HPC at 37 °C have been shown to be mainly composed of mesophilic Enterobacteriaceae and Citrobacter spp., species primarily associated with fecal contamination, as opposed to the dominance of the environmental Pseudomonadaceae and Aeromonadaceae observed for HPC at 22 °C ( Gensberger et al., 2015 ). ...
The low proportion of households with piped drinking water in Greenlandic settlements – and elsewhere in the Arctic, leads to improvised methods of household water storage and water saving practices that could present a risk for public health.
This interview-based study investigated the perceptions of safety and acceptability of the water supply in rural Greenlandic households. The bacterial quality of the water distributed by the public supply before and after storage in the homes, of alternative water sourced from nature by the users themselves, and of shared handwash basins used in un-piped homes, was analyzed.
The treated water distributed by the rural Greenlandic water supply was acceptable to most users, although half of them expressed concerns about its quality, and distrusted the state of the infrastructure delivering piped water. For drinking, most respondents preferred untreated water from nature, but a majority used mainly piped water for practical reasons of access. The microbial quality of the public water supply met legislative requirements in most cases, but was found to deteriorate during both distribution to some taps, and storage in the homes, which constitutes a challenge to the reliable provision of safe water to users. Water from alternative sources showed slightly higher heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) than piped water, but no Escherichia coli. As for washbasins, they were found to have high levels of contamination in all three bacterial parameters investigated (HPC, coliforms and E. coli), indicating a possible transmission route for pathogens.
In conclusion, while the quality of treated water was overall good at distribution, the water saving and storage practices developed to compensate for the lack of piping may threaten public health. Alternative water sources are culturally important and trusted by users, although the possible impact of changes in climate and land use on the reliability of their quality is unknown.
... (Haydar et al., 2009). Bacterial concentrations in water distribution systems are affected by various water parameters including disinfectant residues, availability of biodegradable nutrients, pipe material and roughness, surface area to volume ratio, stagnation, temperature and hydraulic changes (Carter et al., 2000;LeChevallier, 2003;Allen et al., 2004 ;Chowdhury, 2012).Drinking water must be free from bacterial contamination. Unsimilarly to our results, there was high bacterial counts of TVBC, T.C.F and F.C.F. ...
... The parameters of temperature 37 °C, time 24 h at 120 rpm was taken for incubation of the test tubes in shaker incubator. The presence of viable bacterial cells was measured using plate count method 46,47 . The effect of concentration of acrylonitrile adducts on bacteria removal efficiency was calculated by percentage reduction as follows: ...
In this work, five acrylonitrile adducts were screened for antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC 1305) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (MTCC 443). Synthesis was followed by aza-Michael addition reaction, where the acrylonitrile accepts an electron pair from the respective amines and results in the formation of n-alkyliminobis-propionitrile and n-alkyliminopropionitrile under microwave irradiation. Characterization of the compounds were performed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (ESI–MS). The particle size characterization was done by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) technique. The antibacterial study showed higher inhibition rate for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial ability was found to be dose dependent. The minimum inhibitory concentration against both bacteria were found to be 1, 3, 0.4, 1, 3 µl/ml for E. coli and 6, 6, 0.9, 0.5, 5 µl/ml for B. subtilis. Time-kill kinetics evaluation showed that the adducts possess bacteriostatic action. Further it was evaluated for high-throughput in vitro assays to determine the compatibility of the adducts for drug delivery. The haemolytic and thrombolytic activity was analysed against normal mouse erythrocytes. The haemolytic activity showed prominent results, and thereby projecting this acrylonitrile adducts as potent antimicrobial and haemolytic agent.
... Culturable microorganisms were determined and quantified in the irrigation water samples according to ISO (6222): (1999) (International Organization for Standardization 6222, 1999) following standards for water quality (Bartram et al., 2003). After up to nine-fold serial dilutions using Ringer's solution ¼ (Merck, Germany), aliquot of 0.1 mL was plated unto Nutrient agar (Neogen, Michigan, USA) and incubated aerobically at 36 • C for 24 h and 22 • C for 72 h. ...
