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The Short Grit Scale (Grit–S) is a self- and informant-report version of the longer Grit Scale, and it retains the 2-factor structure of the original scale. Our purpose in this research was to measure trait-level perseverance and passion for long-term goals by translating and validating the Grit-S for Portuguese respondents. Our participants were 5...
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... Another study conducted on Asian students found that grit predicts academic achievement (Tang et al., 2021;Tang et al., 2022). Therefore, an explanatory model based on a set of non-cognitive variables that have sufficient empirical evidence to justify their effect on the academic performance of university students has been proposed for this research (Honicke & Briadbent, 2016;Frontini et al., 2022;Palisoc et al., 2017;Sackett et al., 2012). Buenconsejo and Datu (2020) analyzed the relationship between growth mindset and academic self-efficacy in a sample of Indian university students and found that this relationship is positive, significant, and, in turn, oriented towards career exploration. ...
Currently, the study of non-cognitive variables and their effect on the academic performance of students has gained relevance. In view of that, the purpose of the present study was to analyze through structural equation modeling to what extent growth mindset, self-efficacy, and grit have direct effects on student performance. For this, an explanatory design of latent variables was followed, in which 305 university students participated, including men (41.8%) and women (58.2%), who reported an average age of 22.8 (SD = 3.5), all included due to convenience. To measure the independent variables, the ITIS (growth mindset), GritS (tenacity) and EPAESA (academic self-efficacy) were applied, while for the measurement of the dependent variable, the grades of the students of the two last semesters were used. Among the main findings, it is reported that growth mindset, grit, and self-efficacy have direct and significant effects on the academic performance of students. In conclusion, this set of non-cognitive variables successfully explains the academic performance of the study participants.
... Another study conducted on Asian students found that grit predicts academic achievement (Tang et al., 2021;Tang et al., 2022). Therefore, an explanatory model based on a set of non-cognitive variables that have sufficient empirical evidence to justify their effect on the academic performance of university students has been proposed for this research (Honicke & Briadbent, 2016;Frontini et al., 2022;Palisoc et al., 2017;Sackett et al., 2012). Buenconsejo and Datu (2020) analyzed the relationship between growth mindset and academic self-efficacy in a sample of Indian university students and found that this relationship is positive, significant, and, in turn, oriented towards career exploration. ...
Currently, the study of non-cognitive variables and their effect on the academic performance of students has gained relevance. In view of that, the purpose of the present study was to analyze through structural equation modeling to what extent growth mindset, self-efficacy, and grit have direct effects on student performance. For this, an explanatory design of latent variables was followed, in which 305 university students participated, including men (41.8%) and women (58.2%), who reported an average age of 22.8 (SD = 3.5), all included due to convenience. To measure the independent variables, the ITIS (growth mindset), GritS (tenacity) and EPAESA (academic self-efficacy) were applied, while for the measurement of the dependent variable, the grades of the students of the two last semesters were used. Among the main findings, it is reported that growth mindset, grit, and self-efficacy have direct and significant effects on the academic performance of students. In conclusion, this set of non-cognitive variables successfully explains the academic performance of the study participants.
... Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the Grit-S fit data better than the Grit-O, and the predictive validity had not decreased even though there were fewer items, that is, the Grit-S was a more efficient grit measure. Consequently, the Grit-S was translated into many languages, including Korean [11], Japanese [12], Turkish [13,14], German [15], Polish [16], Italian [17], Spanish [18,19], Czech [20,21], Chinese [22][23][24], Arabic [25], and Portuguese [26]. ...
... These findings suggested that people at different developmental stages may perceive grit differently. Unfortunately, most previous research has focused on validating the psychometric properties of grit using a wide range of samples, such as high school students [22,31], college students [12,13,17,18,21,26], and adult populations [16,19,24]. However, as the Grit-S factor structure in early adolescence has not yet been explored, the first objective of this study was to explore the grit factor structure in elementary and middle school students and the second objective was to investigate the Grit-S factor structure using samples from South Korea, a collectivist culture. ...
... Previous cross-sectional MI of Grit-S studies that have examined the associations between gender and grit have had mixed findings. For example, some studies have found that females have higher levels of grit than men [6,10,32,33], while others found no gender differences [1,26,34]. These contradictory findings suggested that more research was needed to better understand the relationship between grit and gender and that establishing cross-sectional measurement invariance (CMI) was essential for accurately interpreting any observed mean differences between gender. ...
This study aimed to identify the factor structure of the Korean version of the Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) and examine its cross-sectional and longitudinal measurement invariance (MI). Data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018 were analyzed, which included two cohorts, comprising 2,327 and 2,325 fourth-year elementary and first-year middle school students, respectively. It was found that the two-factor model fit the data well for the elementary and middle school samples. The results of the cross-sectional MI tests across genders indicated that the full threshold and loading invariance were also supported for the elementary school sample, and the partial threshold and loading invariance were supported for the middle school sample. The analyses of the longitudinal MI revealed that the partial threshold and loading invariance were supported for both samples. The reliability analysis revealed satisfactory McDonald's Omega values for both samples at each time point and moderate stability coefficients over time. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the Korean version of the GritS demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties and exhibited MI across gender and time in Korean adolescents.
... On the other hand, the two-factor solution has been reported in most Grit-S measure studies. Similarly to these findings, a good fit of the model was found (Datu et al., 2017;Frontini et al., 2022;Tortul et al., 2020;Wyszyńska et al., 2017;Zhong et al., 2018), and its reliability was adequate. Duckworth et al. (2021) suggest adding the scores of both factors to obtain an overall grit. ...
Studying grit's measurement helps to understand this psychological phenomenon associated with success. Grit-S structures of one-factor and two-factor have been reported in the literature, but there is a lack of reports based on Item Response Theory (IRT). Therefore, two objectives were proposed: to determine the factorial structure of the Spanish version of the Grit-S and explore the instrument through a Multidimentional Item Response Theory (MIRT) analysis. A nonprobabilistic sample of 899 subjects (41.0% female) was evaluated. The 8 items grit scale was used. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed that the two-factor model obtained a good fit (CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA [90%CI] = 0.08 [0.07, 0.10]) unlike the one-dimensional model. An exploratory comparison analysis by MIRT also revealed that the two-factor model performed better (p < 0.001). Consequently, a confirmatory analysis determined an adequate fit of the two-factor model (C2 = 45.4; RMSEA [90%CI] = 0.05 [0.04 - 0.07]; TLI = 0.97; CFI = 0.99). Multidimensional discrimination values were within the expected range (> 1; > 1.5), although item 2 had low discrimination. Regarding difficulty, all items had a monotonic increase. The two-factor model fits the data by both CFA and MIRT. Both complementary analyzes demonstrate the potential of Grit-S to measure latent consistency and perseverance factors.
... More recently, the scale was also validated in Portugal, with university students, highlighting the validity of the two-factor model to produce a single score (Frontini et al., 2022). ...
... While grit has been studied previously in Portugal (e.g., Frontini et al., 2021) and adapted for the academic context (e.g., Frontini et al., 2022), the Grit-S has not been adapted and validated for the Portuguese population in the context of sport. Thus, we aimed to translate and validate the Grit-S for the Portuguese context (Duckworth and Quinn, 2009). ...
... It seems that the Grit-S (Grit Scale-Short version) has not been adapted and validated specifically for the Portuguese population in the context of sports. While previous studies in Portugal have examined grit, such as the work conducted by Frontini et al., (2021) and by Frontini et al., (2022) adapting it for the academic context, there is a gap when it comes to the validation of the Grit-S for Portuguese athletes. ...
Grit involves a passion and persistent attitude and being able to sustain focus and determination even in the face of obstacles and failures. Perseverance in effort contributes to the achievement of mastery and consistency in interests promotes the commitment to deliberate practice in pursuit of excellence. The aim of the present study was to validate the Portuguese Short Grit Scale in the context of sport. The sample was composed of 446 federated athletes (328 males and 190 females; M age = 17,60 years; SD = 6,27). After removing one item from the Grit–S, the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the two-factor structure scale is reasonable in the Portuguese sample. The measurement model was found be invariant in function of gender. Additionally, we found a significant negative correlation between consistency of interests and persistence. In conclusion, the Portuguese version of the Short Grit-S, adapted for the sports context, presented two factors with adequate psychometric properties to be applied in this context by coaches and sport psychologists.
... On the other hand, the two-factor solution has been reported in most Grit-S measure studies. Similarly to these findings, a good fit of the model was found (Datu et al., 2017;Frontini et al., 2022;Tortul et al., 2020;Wyszyńska et al., 2017;Zhong et al., 2018), and its reliability was adequate. Duckworth et al. (2021) suggest adding the scores of both factors to obtain an overall grit. ...
Studying grit's measurement helps to understand this psychological phenomenon associated with success. GritS structures of one-factor and two-factor have been reported in the literature, but there is a lack of reports based on Item Response Theory (IRT). Therefore, two objectives were proposed: to determine the factorial structure of the Spanish version of the GritS and explore the instrument through a Multidimentional Item Response Theory (MIRT) analysis. A nonprobabilistic sample of 899 subjects (41.0% female) was evaluated. The 8 items grit scale was used. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed that the two-factor model obtained a good fit (CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA [90%CI] = 0.08 [0.07, 0.10]) unlike the one-dimensional model. An exploratory comparison analysis by MIRT also revealed that the two-factor model performed better (p < 0.001). Consequently, a confirmatory analysis determined an adequate fit of the two-factor model (C2 = 45.4; RMSEA [90%CI] = 0.05 [0.04-0.07]; TLI = 0.97; CFI = 0.99). Multidimensional discrimination values were within the expected range (> 1; > 1.5), although item 2 had low discrimination. Regarding difficulty, all items had a monotonic increase. The two-factor model fits the data by both CFA and MIRT. Both complementary analyzes demonstrate the potential of GritS to measure latent consistency and perseverance factors. Resumen Estudiar la medición del grit ayuda a comprender este fenómeno psicológico asociado al éxito. En la literatura se han reportado estructuras de GritS de uno y dos factores, pero se carece de reportes basados en la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). Por ello, se propusieron dos objetivos: determinar la estructura factorial de la versión española del GritS y explorar el instrumento mediante un análisis de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem Multidimensional (TRIM). Se evaluó una muestra no probabilística de 899 sujetos (41,0% mujeres). Se utilizó la escala grit de 8 ítems. El análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) mostró que el modelo de dos factores obtenía un buen ajuste (CFI = 0,97, TLI = 0,95, RMSEA [90%CI] = 0,08 [0,07, 0,10]) a diferencia del modelo unidimensional. Un análisis exploratorio de comparación mediante TRIM también reveló que el modelo de dos factores funcionaba mejor (p < 0,001). En consecuencia, un análisis confirmatorio determinó un ajuste adecuado del modelo de dos factores (C2 = 45,4; RMSEA [IC 90%] = 0,05 [0,04-0,07]; TLI = 0,97; CFI = 0,99). Los valores de discriminación multidimensional se encontraban dentro del rango esperado (> 1; > 1,5), aunque el ítem 2 presentaba una baja discriminación. En cuanto a la dificultad, todos los ítems tuvieron un incremento monotónico. El modelo bifactorial se ajusta a los datos tanto por AFC como por TRIM. Ambos análisis complementarios demuestran el potencial de GritS para medir factores latentes de consistencia y perseverancia.
... An athlete with a well fostered grit has a great spirit, perseverance or fighting spirit in long term, so that it can be used to achieve goals optimally. On the contrary, a lower grit could cause athletes to fail in his career (Frontini, Monteiro, Rodrigues, Matos & Antunes, 2022). Coach leadership style when it becomes an interesting research topic among researchers in the last few years and is claimed to have an important role in training activities (Jin, Kim, Love, Jin & Zhao, 2022). ...
... 17, No. 1, 2023 161 Consistency of Interest (COI) consisting of four question items, for example "I often set goals but choose to pursue others" and Perseverance of Effort (POE) which also has four questions, For example "I am a hardworking athlete" (Rumbold et al., 2022). This instrument is assessed using a Likert scale from point 1 (not reflecting me at all) up to 7 (extremely reflecting me) (Frontini, Monteiro, Rodrigues, Matos & Antunes, 2022;Martínez-Moreno et al., 2021). In this study, validation was conducted and obtained COI with the Cronbach's Alpha value was 0.94, while POE value was 0.95. ...
Purpose:The study aims at identifying the relationship between grit, coach leadership style, sports motivation and athlete’s satisfaction. Methods: Correlational studies are used to see the relationship between grit, coach leadership style, sports motivation and athlete’s satisfaction. Participants involved in this study are athletes in rowing (n=30). Grit, coach leadership style, sports motivation and athlete's satisfaction was assessed by Questionnaire. Nonparametric calculation through Spearman's Rank Correlation was used to test the relationship between the variables. Results: This study showed several results. First, there was a positive relationship between grit with sports motivation and athlete’s satisfaction (p<0.05). Second, there was a positive relationship between coach leadership style with sports motivation and athlete’s satisfaction (p<0.05). Conclusions:Thus, our research highlights the importance of a trainer's girt and leadership style to create a positive relationship with sports motivation and satisfaction in athletes in carrying out training activities.
