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Floods are disastrous natural hazards accused of human live losses. As a flood‐prone area, Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) has often been hit by floods, resulting in the highest fatality in the world. Despite the destructive flood impacts, how has flood occurrence changed over the past decades, and to what extent did floods affect the MSEA are not y...
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... Countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines often deal with floods due to heavy rains, storms and urban growth. [9,10] For example, Malaysia faces flooding during the monsoon season in certain areas of West Malaysia, such as Kelantan, Terengganu and Johor, and in the North of East Malaysia. [11] Also worth mentioning in this context is that Thailand experienced severe floods in Bangkok in 2011, which led to economic losses and the displacement of many residents. ...
Communities across Southeast Asia face challenges posed by natural disasters, including floods, which disproportionately impact vulnerable populations. In light of the growing frequency and severity of extreme weather events attributed to climate change, there is a pressing need to explore and strengthen community flood resilience. Community resilience is pivotal in mitigating flood-related damages and fostering successful recovery efforts. This paper examines the socio-economic and environmental factors shaping community resilience in flood-prone areas of Southeast Asia. Socio-demographic determinants, exposure to floods, social cohesion, communication networks, socio-economic status, and cultural diversity significantly influence resilience capabilities, with disparities exacerbating socio-economic inequality. The interplay of these factors underscores the complexity of community disaster resilience, with some factors acting as moderators, mediators, or confounders in shaping outcomes. The paper highlights that understanding the dynamics of community resilience formation is imperative for informed policy interventions to enhance disaster preparedness and response in flood-prone areas of Southeast Asia. The contributors to flood resilience are interrelated with social determinants of health, underscoring the vital role of broader socio-economic and environmental factors in shaping community well-being. Future research should explore the relationships within these complex dynamics to guide effective resilience-building strategies tailored to local contexts.
... Countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines often deal with floods due to heavy rains, storms and urban growth. [9,10] For example, Malaysia faces flooding during the monsoon season in certain areas of West Malaysia, such as Kelantan, Terengganu and Johor, and in the North of East Malaysia. [11] Also worth mentioning in this context is that Thailand experienced severe floods in Bangkok in 2011, which led to economic losses and the displacement of many residents. ...
Communities across Southeast Asia face challenges posed by natural disasters, including floods, which disproportionately impact vulnerable populations. In light of the growing frequency and severity of extreme weather events attributed to climate change, there is a pressing need to explore and strengthen community flood resilience. Community resilience is pivotal in mitigating flood-related damages and fostering successful recovery efforts. This paper examines the socioeconomic and environmental factors shaping community resilience in flood-prone areas of Southeast Asia. Socio-demographic determinants, exposure to floods, social cohesion, communication networks, socioeconomic status, and cultural diversity significantly influence resilience capabilities, with disparities exacerbating socioeconomic inequality. The interplay of these factors underscores the complexity of community disaster resilience, with some factors acting as moderators, mediators, or confounders in shaping outcomes. The paper highlights that understanding the dynamics of community resilience formation is imperative for informed policy interventions to enhance disaster preparedness and response in flood-prone areas of Southeast Asia. The contributors to flood resilience are interrelated with social determinants of health, underscoring the vital role of broader socioeconomic and environmental factors in shaping community well-being. Future research should explore the relationships within these complex dynamics to guide effective resilience-building strategies tailored to local contexts.
... Therefore, it is easy to be flooded here, during the flood season. The middle and lower reaches of the LMRB and the Mekong Delta are mainly plains and lowlands, which are also vulnerable to flooding (Chen et al., 2020b;Wang et al., 2022). ...
... Data were obtained from http://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/, for definitions of flood severity seeChen et al. (2020b). b The distributions of reservoirs in LMRB ...
Droughts and floods are the main threats to the Lancang-Mekong River Basin (LMRB) . Drought mainly occurs during the dry season, especially in March and April, in the LMRB. The “dry gets drier” paradigm performs well in the LMRB, specifically in the Mekong Delta. Further, flood frequency and magnitude, which are determined by heavy rain, are also increasing in the LMRB. Droughts and floods show obvious seasonal and regional characteristics in the LMRB . The LMRB is a well-known rainstorm-flood basin. Floods in the LMRB are mainly caused by heavy rain. The LMRB is dominated by regional floods, and basin-wide floods rarely occur. From upstream to downstream, the flood peak and flood volume have shown increasing trends. Meanwhile, moving further downstream, the flood season ends later. In the upstream areas, floods are mainly concentrated in the period from July to October, with the highest probability of floods occurring in August. For the downstream areas, the flood season is from August to October. Climate change is one of the major factors affecting the LMRB’s droughts and floods . Global warming is an indisputable fact. Under global warming, extreme hydrological events show a tendency to increase. Climate models have suggested a future potential for increased flood frequency, magnitude, and inundation in the LMRB by 10–140%, 5–44% and 19–43%, respectively. Although the severity and duration of droughts are also increasing, the differences in drought indicators projected by different climate models are significant. Hydropower development was another major factor affecting droughts and floods in the LMRB . Large-scale hydropower development has drastically changed streamflow characteristics since 2009, causing increased dry season flow (+150%) and decreased wet season flow (−25%), as well as reduced flood magnitude (−2.3 to −29.7%) and frequency (−8.2 to −74.1%). Large-scale reservoirs will have a profound impact on hydrological characteristics, droughts and floods, agriculture, fisheries, energy supply, and environmental protection in the LMRB. Coupling climate models and hydrological models is the main way to study the impact of climate change and reservoir operation in the LMRB . Climate change indirectly affects hydrological characteristics by affecting meteorological parameters, while reservoirs can directly change the propagation from meteorological extreme events to hydrological extreme events by releasing/storing water in different situations. Hydrological models are the link connecting and quantifying the coupled effects of climate change and reservoirs. More studies are needed to develop a comprehensive understanding of the future impacts of climate change and reservoir operation on extreme events in the LMRB, as well as adaptation and mitigation measures.
... The precipitation over the region is affected by Indian summer monsoon, East Asian summer monsoon, South Asian Summer Monsoon, as well as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (Dang et al., 2020;Fan & Luo, 2019;Hasson et al., 2013;Irannezhad et al., 2020;Räsänen & Kummu, 2013;Wang et al., 2022;Yang et al., 2019). Tropical Cyclones also have large effects on the total precipitation, especially in the southwest Basin (Chen et al., 2019), where GCMs have shown reliable skill in realistically simulating the track densities of Tropical Cyclones (Chen et al., 2020a(Chen et al., , 2020b. On average, the northern headwater region is relatively dry with annual total precipitation of around 500 mm, while the southeastern region is relatively wet with annual total precipitation of more than 2000 mm ( Fig. 2.3a). ...
The LMRB (LMRB) has experienced significant climate change, particularly over the last 50 years. An increase in the annual precipitation but with significant seasonal differences in the changes, and a remarkable warming are observed over the Basin. The region also experienced more frequent extreme events, such as an increase in extreme precipitation, as well as hot days and warm nights, a decrease in cold days and cold nights, and a more frequent occurrence of droughts. The future climate over the Basin is projected to be continuous warming, which is most significant by the end of the twenty-first century. A general wetting is projected over the region with the spatial pattern of the projected annual total precipitation change show consistencies with the present day condition. Differences are found between the global and regional climate model projections in the precipitation, indicating the uncertainties existing in the projections, and also the importance of the model resolution in projecting future climate.
... In addition, lag time is highly important for understanding the characteristics of flood events and their associated features (for example-accumulation of rainfall, duration of rainfall, topography of the basin, river network, and other factors), since the chances of having identical lag times for the two flash flood events are very small (Qi et al., 2021).Thus, the calculation of lag time from hydrographs has been given priority in this research. Again, there are challenges in model-based calculations for flood forecasting (Chen et al., 2020). Therefore, they were also considered when analyzing the results of this research. ...
Evaluating the impact of alterations in land use and land cover (LULC) on watershed hydrological responses is of paramount importance for implementing effective flood-control measures. In recent times, the Sylhet region has experienced a surge in flash floods, leading to substantial economic losses and the displacement of millions of residents. The primary driver behind these unexpected floods has been intense rainfall in the upstream area, particularly in Meghalaya. However, recent research has uncovered a connection between canopy density and runoff in the downstream region. The LULC patterns in both the Sylhet area and its upstream regions have been evolving in parallel with global trends. Notably, since 1991, the Meghalaya region has witnessed an alarming 18% reduction in canopy cover due to hill cutting for agricultural and human activities. This study has developed a Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrologic Model System (HEC-HMS) tailored to the Sylhet region. The land use and land cover in the basin were assessed, and the curve number and imperviousness were determined. These values were incorporated into the model for calibration (2004) and validation (2009). Then the validated model was used to simulate the flash floods of specific years in that region. Subsequently, the lag time between the peak rainfall in Meghalaya and the occurrence of flooding above the danger level in the Sylhet region was analyzed. The study revealed that in 2002, the developed area comprised 2.71% of the landscape, while dense forest covered 35.47%. However, by 2022, these figures shifted significantly, with developed areas expanding to 10.63% and dense forests diminishing to 23.39%. As a result of the land use and land cover changes, the time it takes for a flood to occur after rainfall events has decreased, shifting from 12 hours in 2002 to 7 hours in 2022. Our study underscores the intricate relationship between changing LULC patterns and the occurrence of flash floods, primarily attributed to increased impervious surfaces resulting from urban development and reduced forest cover. As the developed area expands and dense forests dwindle, the onset of flash floods has accelerated. Understanding the evolving land use trends and their impact on flash flood timing is essential for implementing proactive measures to address the increasing risks linked to rapid urban development in the study region.
... Understanding the severity of flood hazard is crucial in informing planning decisions to protect people and assets and for emergency response. South-East Asia is particularly at risk from severe flooding, often driven by tropical cyclones (Chen et al., 2020). Using CMIP6 climate projections, Hirabayashi et al. (2021) observe an increase in flood frequency in South-East Asia and an increase in population exposed to flooding, with the region seeing one of the highest increases in population exposure globally. ...
Flooding is an endemic global challenge with annual damages totalling billions of dollars. Impacts are felt most acutely in low- and middle-income countries, where rapid demographic change is driving increased exposure. These areas also tend to lack high-precision hazard mapping data with which to better understand or manage risk. To address this information gap a number of global flood models have been developed in recent years. However, there is substantial uncertainty over the performance of these data products. Arguably the most important component of a global flood model is the digital elevation model (DEM), which must represent the terrain without surface artifacts such as forests and buildings. Here we develop and evaluate a next generation of global hydrodynamic flood model based on the recently released FABDEM DEM. We evaluate the model and compare it to a previous version using the MERIT DEM at three study sites in the Central Highlands of Vietnam using two independent validation data sets based on a household survey and remotely sensed observations of recent flooding. The global flood model based on FABDEM consistently outperformed a model based on MERIT, and the agreement between the model and remote sensing was greater than the agreement between the two validation data sets.
... The flood is sudden, fast, and extremely destructive 1 . Among common natural disasters around the world, floods have become one of the most serious disasters in terms of frequency, breadth of impact, and the amount of damage they caused 2,3 . Recently, especially due to global warming, the high frequency of extremely heavy rainfall events in mountainous areas and the intensification of geological disaster activities have led to unusually frequent flood disasters in mountainous areas 4 . ...
... From Eq. (1), the erosion rate is inversely proportional to the basal flow rate of the flood, indicating that the variation of the basal flow rate greatly affects the accuracy of the erosion rate calculation. Therefore, based on this, the model for the vertical nonlinear distribution of fluid velocity 29 is introduced in this paper, as shown in Eq. (2). ...
Bearing capacity degradation of foundations under the impact of the flood is one of the major reasons responsible for the collapse and damage to the rural buildings, posing a serious threat to the local village societies. Based on a case study of a rural building foundation had been destroyed by flooding. This paper investigated the deterioration process of rural building foundations under the combined effect of dynamic scouring and static soaking caused by flooding. Using the two-dimensional shallow water equation, erosion depth was calculated for different flood velocities. Then, the bearing capacity degradation under the combined scouring-soaking effect was analyzed using the finite element method. Finally, investigating the influence of inflow direction and building group masking on the foundation's bearing capacity. The results indicate that under the combined effect, the bearing capacity of village building foundations decreases by 47.88%, with scouring slightly more impactful than soaking. Inflow angle has minimal effect on bearing performance, while the masking effect of the building group provides better protection for the foundation of rear buildings.
... However, amidst these conditions, the inhabitants of Lake Tundai continue to live as before, pretending that nothing has happened in their environment. They don't think that climate has changed significantly (Chen, Giese and Chen, 2020). Their main livelihoods are fishing and farming (Elbaar, 1982;BPS Kalteng, 2023). ...
Producing buildings that can adapt to climatic conditions is one of the notable abilities of people who improve the quality of their houses. Lake Tundai is a residential area in Palangka Raya, Indonesia, occupied by a fishing community, isolated and only accessible through the Kahayan River. People prefer wood materials for house construction, and with a largely impoverished population, they remain in those houses they have inherited from the past. However, it is an example of a village resistant to the effects of global climate change, because their houses are climate-friendly, although natural breeze is the only thermal comfort enjoyed by the inhabitants of Lake Tundai. Using thermal performance simulation on the Tundai Lake houses, this research presents four types applied to four variable elements through the Ecotect analysis program to ascertain how the houses deal with the climate. Based on the climatic conditions in Lake Tundai. Type 2 with stilts, light roof, light walls, single ventilation, and ceiling is the most suitable model condition in Tundai Lake. The research concluded in 2023 that the influence of the building floor height from the ground may affect the thermal comfort in the room. If the floor height over the water level is below 1.2 meters. This study proposes an example of housing adaptation using wood materials nearby the water.
... In particular, Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) is often hit by TCs originating in the WNP, SCS and BoB (Figure 1). About a quarter of floods in this region during 1985-2018, causing substantial property damages and life losses, can be attributed to the TCR (Chen, Giese, & Chen, 2020;Hu et al., 2018;Liu et al., 2022). Affected by TCs from different formation basins, spatiotemporal patterns of the TCR in this region are complicated. ...
... TCR in the MSEA has substantially influenced the region (Chen, Giese, & Chen, 2020;Hu et al., 2018;Osti & Nakasu, 2016;Peduzzi et al., 2012;Pielke et al., 2008), and future changes in the large-scale environment are projected to increase the TC intensity and rainfall rate (Chen, Emanuel, et al., 2020;Knutson et al., 2010Knutson et al., , 2020Sobel et al., 2016). Representative estimation projected that the future TC rainfall rate would increase at the rate of 7% per 1 C of global warming (Knutson et al., 2020). ...
Tropical cyclones (TCs) and the associated rainfall (TCR) have received increasing attention because of their catastrophic damages. Due to the differences in TC characteristics and TCR in different ocean basins, the changes in TCR would be complicated for areas receiving TC landfalling from multi‐basins. Therefore, separating TCR and TC characteristics from the formation basins can offer more insights for accurately evaluating TCR in the landfalling areas. Here we selected the TC‐prone Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) to investigate changes in TCR regarding TC characteristics from the surrounding formation basins from 1983 to 2020. Results show that the interannual variability of the total TCs influencing MSEA (MSEA‐ALL‐TC) characteristics, including number, total duration, maximum intensity and accumulated cyclone energy, was dominated by the TCs originating from the Western North Pacific (WNP‐TC). However, the total TCR was controlled by the TCs originating from the WNP and the South China Sea (SCS‐TC), whose influence on TCR was concentrated in the eastern MSEA. TCR associated with TCs originating from the Bay of Bengal was relatively small and concentrated in the western MSEA. For the whole MSEA, the total TCR contributed up to 47% of the annual extreme rainfall amount. Annual TCR presented significant decreasing trends in the southeast MSEA, while increasing trends exist in the northeast. These contrasting trends are attributed to the reduced tendency of WNP‐TC track density and the increased SCS‐TC rainfall rate. We also found that the SCS‐TC induced a higher rainfall rate than the other two basins. The TC characteristics of number, total duration, maximum intensity and accumulated cyclone energy were significantly correlated with TCR in each formation basin, with the highest correlation of the total duration. This study improves our understanding of the influence of changes in TC characteristics on TCR in the TC multi‐source region.
... During the period of 2016-2019, there an increase in the risk of wildfires was observed in several countries, with the largest impact on Lebanon, Kenya, South Africa, Australia, and the USA. In mainland Southeast Asia, the occurrence of floods and the maximum magnitude of floods significantly increased from 1985 to 2018 [53]. In 2018, Europe, the eastern Mediterranean region, and, specifically, Mongolia experienced unusually long periods of consecutive months under excess drought [5]. ...
The pandemics of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change represent severe threats to child health. They co-occur; interact with each other to produce sequelae at biological, psychological, or social levels; and share common underlying drivers. In this paper, we review the key issues concerning child diet and nutritional status, focusing on the interactions with climate and food systems. Inadequate infant and young child feeding practices, food insecurity, poverty, and limited access to health services are the leading causes of malnutrition across generations. Food system industrialization and globalization lead to a double burden of malnutrition, whereby undernutrition (i.e., stunting, wasting, and deficiencies in micronutrients) coexists with overweight and obesity, as well as to harmful effects on climate. Climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic are worsening child malnutrition, impacting the main underlying causes (i.e., household food security, dietary diversity, nutrient quality, and access to maternal and child health), as well as the social, economic, and political factors determining food security and nutrition (livelihoods, income, infrastructure resources, and political context). Existing interventions have the potential to be further scaled-up to concurrently address undernutrition, overnutrition, and climate change by cross-cutting education, agriculture, food systems, and social safety nets. Several stakeholders must work co-operatively to improve global sustainable nutrition.
