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Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway identified in Hericium erinaceus and differentially expressed proteins in the fruiting body vs. mycelium.
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Background:
Hericium erinaceus, a famous edible mushroom, is also a well-known traditional medicinal fungus. To date, a large number of bioactive metabolites with antitumor, antibacterial, and immune-boosting effects were isolated from the free-living mycelium and fruiting body of H. erinaceus.
Objective:
Here we used the proteomic approach to e...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... on H. erinaceus genome, we found there were 12 genes involved in terpenoid backbone biosynthesis in KEGG pathway. Similarly, 8 proteins were responsible for terpenoid backbone synthesis, including 4 DEPs between mycelium and fruiting body proteome. As shown in in Fig. 5 and Table 1, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase B (Her1A4929) and diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase (Her1A3732) from the mevalonate (MEP) pathway were significantly up-regulated in fruiting body compared with mycelium. In contrast, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (HerlA4642) and dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase (Her1A2677) from the lower ...
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Citations
... Lowering the temperature and providing exposure to light have proven to be effective factors in inducing fruiting bodies in the species H. americanum, H. erinaceus, and H. coralloides (Gonkhom et al., 2022;Grace & Mudge, 2015;Sokół et al., 2015). Comparative data in biochemical analyses of mycelia and fruiting bodies is lacking, and this is particularly crucial given the different expression of genes associated with proteins involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites between mycelium and fruiting bodies (Zeng et al., 2018). ...
The study aimed to compare the content of biologically active substances (lovastatin, ergothioneine, tryptophan and its derivatives), bioelements (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Zn), and glucans content between the fruiting bodies (from two flushes) and mycelia of Hericium erinaceus, Hericium americanum and Hericium coralloides. High-performance liquid chromatography, atomic absorption spectrometry, and spectrophotometric methods were employed for the analysis of organic compounds, bioelements, and glucans content, respectively. The relationships between the analyzed mushroom species' biological active substances, bioelements content, and the conditions of the culture were carried out using chemometric analysis: Cluster analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Among the species examined, H. coralloides mycelium emerged as the superior source of lovastatin (21.6 mg/100 g d.w.). Fruiting bodies of H. americanum from the first flush contained a higher quantity of lovastatin, ergothioneine, 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, and L-tryptophan compared to mycelia and second flush fruiting bodies. Importantly, H. americanum fruiting bodies from the first flush showed to be a better source of biologically active compounds than other investigated species. As far as it is known, the study represents the first comprehensive comparison of biologically active compounds and elements between the fruiting bodies and mycelia of three species within the Hericium genus. Future research could assay refining cultivation methods to enhance the targeted production of specific bioactive compounds at highest concentration for applications in functional foods, or dietary supplements.
... As a fungal organism possessing renowned health-enhancing attributes, the medicinal mushroom is widely recognized [10,11]. This mushroom has attracted considerable attention for various medicinal properties [12]. Numerous beneficial actions have been demonstrated by several isolated substances derived from H. erinaceus. ...
Hericium erinaceus (Bull.:Fr) Pers. is a medicinal mushroom that has various health benefits and is a rich source of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. In recent years, H. erinaceus has been considered for its many medicinal properties and is widely consumed in Asian countries. This work aimed to explore the potential improvement of coconut water utilization in order to promote growth and increase the yield, as well as the enhancement of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of H. erinaceus. The application of coconut water at a concentration of 20% (v/v) resulted in the optimal development and production of H. erinaceus. In terms of biological efficiency, it was demonstrated that the 22.09% increase over the control treatment resulted in a higher yield. Moreover, H. erinaceus cultivated from coconut water intake at all concentrations resulted in higher protein content. Additionally, bioactive compounds such as total triterpenoid content and total phenolic content of H. erinaceus were 67.87–89.24 mg Urs/g DW and 16.62–17.39 mg GAE/g DW, respectively, while H. erinaceus grown on a control treatment had the lowest at 56.84 mg Urs/g DW and 14.42 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. Applying coconut water at all concentrations resulted in H. erinaceus IC50 values of 0.58–0.69 mg/mL exhibiting higher DPPH activities than those grown on control treatment IC50 value of 0.77 mg/mL. Therefore, this finding of the study indicated that the utilization of coconut water as a therapy resulted in a significant enhancement in the development, production, and bioactive compounds of H. erinaceus, in comparison to the control treatment.
... However, the research on protein and bioactive peptides in H. erinaceus is still in its infancy. Zeng et al. [48] studied proteins that participated in bioactive metabolites in H. erinaceus through proteome analysis, and identified 2543 unique proteins using H. erinaceus genome. After annotated them in database, 722 proteins were observed to be differently expressed in fruiting body compared with mycelium. ...
... Gene and protein expression profiling of medicinal mushrooms have helped in gaining knowledge about the genes and proteins involved in exogenous nutrient bag decomposition in Morchella importuna [218], temperature stress in L. edodes [219], bioactive metabolites in H. erinaceus [220], Cd 2+ stress in P. eryngii [186], generation of special odor in S. commune [221], and development of the fruiting body in F. velutipes [222] and D. indusiata [223]. For instance, the study on P. eryngii indicated the coincidence of secondary metabolite production inhibition with the increase in carbohydrate metabolism and the rate of energy [186]. ...
Macroscopic fungi, mainly higher basidiomycetes and some ascomycetes, are considered medicinal mushrooms and have long been used in different areas due to their pharmaceutically/nutritionally valuable bioactive compounds. However, the low production of these bioactive metabolites considerably limits the utilization of medicinal mushrooms both in commerce and clinical trials. As a result, many attempts, ranging from conventional methods to novel approaches, have been made to improve their production. The novel strategies include conducting omics investigations, constructing genome-scale metabolic models, and metabolic engineering. So far, genomics and the combined use of different omics studies are the most utilized omics analyses in medicinal mushroom research (both with 31% contribution), while metabolomics (with 4% contribution) is the least. This article is the first attempt for reviewing omics investigations in medicinal mushrooms with the ultimate aim of bioactive compound overproduction. In this regard, the role of these studies and systems biology in elucidating biosynthetic pathways of bioactive compounds and their contribution to metabolic engineering will be highlighted. Also, limitations of omics investigations and strategies for overcoming them will be provided in order to facilitate the overproduction of valuable bioactive metabolites in these valuable organisms.
... Proteomic reseaches in edible mushrooms, as another kind of macrofungi, mainly include several physiological processes of a few species [11]. For example, proteomic, usually combined with transcriptomic analysis of cold stress in Flammulina velutipes [12], lignocellulose degradation and heat stress in Lentinula edodes [13,14], bioactive compounds in Pleurotus tuber-regium [15], Lignosus rhinoceros [16,17] and Hericium erinaceus [18], special odor formation in Schizophyllum commune [19]. In the cases of the development of edible fungi, there have been proteomic (or combined with transcriptomic) studies performed in F. velutipes [20][21][22], Cordyceps militaris [23], P. tuber-regium [24], Agrocybe aegerita [25], Termitomyces heimii [26], Ganoderma lucidum [27], Dictyophora indusiata [28], Tolypocladium guangdongense [29]. ...
Morchella spp. are well-known and economically valuable edible mushrooms. The molecular mechanism of development in Morchella fungi is poorly understood, although it can be artificially cultivated. In this paper, the intracellular proteomes of three vegetative growth stages (mycelial, sclerotial initiation and maturation) and two sexual reproductive growth stages (young and mature ascocarp) of M. importuna were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. A total of 2060 credible proteins were identified. Label-free quantitative analysis showed that, consistent with physiological development, the number of differentially expressed proteins increased, which were mainly enriched in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolic pathways by GO and KAAS enrichment analysis. Besides, the categories for upregulated proteins enriched in were more in sexual reproduction stage, especially in the young ascocarp stage, than those in the vegetative growth stage, including aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, histidine, peroxisome, beta-alanine metabolism, etc. In addition, the expression pattern of individual protein (top-20) suggested that the most abundant lectin protein (8.92%) played an important role in the development of M. importuna. This study comprehensively analyzed the whole developmental process of M. importuna at the proteome level, which may help us to better understand its nutrition metabolism and fruiting body development.
... Hericium erinaceus, an edible fungus with a rich nutritional value (Friedman, 2015), has been used to treat gastritis for hundreds of years in traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions . To date, a large number of bioactive metabolites extracted from H. erinaceus have been proven to have pharmaceutical activities and therapeutic properties such as: antitumor, anti-Helicobacter pylori, ant-fatigue, immune modulating, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective activities (Thongbai et al., 2015;Liu et al., 2016;He et al., 2017;Zeng et al., 2018). Many materials have been used to substitute sawdust in the cultivation of H. erinaceus such as sunflower seed hull (Figlas et al., 2007), rice hull, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, soybean dregs (Hu et al., 2008), mulberry twigs (Yin et al., 2011;Li et al., 2014), cottonseed hulls, oak sawdust, olive press cake, safflower wastes and bean straw (Atila et al., 2018;Atila, 2019a). ...
Mulberry twig (MT) and pueraria root residue (PR) are byproducts of the sericulture and pueraria industries. In this study we assess the potential for MT and PR to be used as substrates for cultivating Hericium erinaceus. The results showed that the traditional mushroom substrate, sawdust (SD), can be completely replaced by MT and PR; the ratio of additions was 60% MT to 20% PR, and the biological efficiency was 110. 73 ± 5.10% which represents a 40.59% increase over the efficiency when SD was used. Additionally, the contents of 1-deoxynojirimycin and total flavonoid in mushrooms were highest with this MT and PR substrate. Further, in vitro antioxidant activity showed that both the water and ethanol extracts of the mushrooms harvested from this substrate exhibited a higher DPPH• and ABTS⁺• scavenging activity than that of SD (Ctrl group). In addition, the ethanol extract presented a higher inhibitory effect on both α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and the IC50 were 0.67 ± 0.08 mg/mL and 0.50 ± 0.01 mg/mL, respectively. These results revealed that H. erinaceus cultivated on MT and PR instead of SD have potential applications in the production of medicine and health food.
... Lion's mane edible mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) is known for its bioactive compound with antibacterial, antitumor, and immune-modulating properties [100]. Proteomic study of the mycelium and fruiting body of this mushroom revealed proteins with potential function in carbohydrate metabolism, cell signaling, and sterol production and suggested potential pharmacological properties for many polysaccharides [101]. Boletus spp. is considered a wild edible mushroom rich with compounds that have antioxidant properties [102,103]. ...
Fungi, especially edible mushrooms, are considered as high-quality food with nutritive and functional values. They are of considerable interest and have been used in the synthesis of nutraceutical supplements due to their medicinal properties and economic significance. Specific fungal groups, including predominantly filamentous endophytic fungi from Ascomycete phylum and several Basidiomycetes, produce secondary metabolites (SMs) with bioactive properties that are involved in the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. These beneficial fungi, while high in protein and important fat contents, are also a great source of several minerals and vitamins, in particular B vitamins that play important roles in carbohydrate and fat metabolism and the maintenance of the nervous system. This review article will summarize and discuss the abilities of fungi to produce antioxidant, anticancer, antiobesity, and antidiabetic molecules while also reviewing the evidence from the last decade on the importance of research in fungi related products with direct and indirect impact on human health.
... Hence, the compounds having the potential to low ER stress are helpful in the attenuation of neuronal cell death which in turn reduces damage in neurodegenerative disorders (Kawagishi et al. 1994;Shimoke et al. 2004). H. erinaceus is an edible and medicinal fungus consisting of at least 2543 unique proteins, and by differential regulation of biosynthesis genes, this fungus could produce various bioactive metabolites with pharmacological effects (Zeng et al. 2018). Terpenoids, namely, hericenones and erinacines, isolated from H. erinaceus are able to cross the blood-brain barrier (Moldavan et al. 2007;Kawagishi and Zhuang 2008;Ma et al. 2010). ...
This book spotlights macrofungi with health-promising properties, which mainly
belong to Basidiomycota (Agaricomycotina) and Ascomycota (Pezizomycotina).
Macrofungi or higher fungi are ascomycetous and basidiomycetous mushrooms
forming conspicuous, epigeous, or hypogeous sporocarps and are large enough to
be seen by the naked eye. The consumption of wild macrofungi by man goes back
13,000 years. Macrofungi vary in structure and reproduction and occur in a wide
range of habitats in different ecogeographic zones of the world. Ethnomycological
surveys across the globe reveal the food value and therapeutic significance of wild
species in diet and folk medicine. Scientific research proves the nutritional and
pharmacological properties of these macrofungi. The latter are consecrated with a
wealth of nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fatty acids, amino acids,
minerals, and vitamins contributing to their food value. The sporocarps/cultured
mycelia or cultured broths of these fungi are rich in numerous high and low molecular
weight bioactive constituents. These bioactive components include polysaccharides,
proteins, fatty acids, proteoglycans, terpenoids, and phenolics, accounting for
a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antitumor, antidiabetic,
antibacterial, antifungal, immunomodulatory, antimalarial, and antiviral.
Several health-promoting products of macrofungal origin are available in market in
the form of tablets, capsules, syrups, pastes, and powders. In spite of huge benefits
of macrofungi, these are often overlooked as far as conservation efforts are concerned.
Many macrofungal species are red listed by IUCN and need immediate
attention to conserve and ensure sustainable use of this inexpensive natural treasure
with huge health benefits. In this book, we endeavored to highlight the future prospects
of macrofungi and tried to shed light on the taxonomy, ecology, ethnomycology,
nutraceutical composition, bioactive active and pharmacological activities,
commercialization, and conservation. Some information on cultivation and toxigenic
macrofungi is also provided.
... Advances in omics technologies such as transcriptomics and proteomics have clearly facilitated the comprehensive analysis of gene and protein expression levels under multiple experimental conditions. For example, gene and protein expression profiling have provided a viewpoint into the genes and proteins involved in nutrition transport in Morchella importuna [16], bioactive metabolites in Hericium erinaceus [17], temperature stress in Lentinula edodes [18], Cd 2+ stress in Pleurotus eryngii [19], special odor formation in Schizophyllum commune [20] and fruiting body development in Flammulina velutipes and Dictyophora indusiata [21][22]. ...
Tolypocladium guangdongense has a similar metabolite profile to Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a highly regarded fungus used for traditional Chinese medicine with high nutritional and medicinal value. Although the genome sequence of T. guangdongense has been reported, relatively little is known about the regulatory networks for fruiting body development and about the metabolite biosynthesis pathways. In order to address this, an analysis of transcriptome and proteome at differential developmental stages of T. guangdongense was performed. In total, 9076 genes were found to be expressed and 2040 proteins were identified. There were a large number of genes that were significantly differentially expressed between the mycelial stage and the stages. Interestingly, the correlation between the transcriptomic and proteomic data was low, suggesting the importance of the post-transcriptional processes in the growth and development of T. guangdongense. Among the genes/proteins that were both differentially expressed during the developmental process, there were numerous heat shock proteins and transcription factors. In addition, there were numerous proteins involved in terpenoid, ergosterol, adenosine and polysaccharide biosynthesis that also showed significant downregulation in their expression levels during the developmental process. Furthermore, both tryptophan and tryptamine were present at higher levels in the primordium stage. However, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels continuously decreased as development proceeded, and the enzymes involved in IAA biosynthesis were also clearly differentially downregulated. These data could be meaningful in studying the molecular mechanisms of fungal development, and for the industrial and medicinal application of macro-fungi.
... Chen et al. (2017) sequenced the genome in the monokaryotic mycelium, dikaryotic mycelium and fruiting body of H. erinaceus to investigate the biosynthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites from H. erinaceus. Zeng et al. (2018) identified numerous proteins involved in terpenoid, polyketide and sterol biosynthesis by proteome analysis of H. erinaceus. These two studies successfully provided a theoretical basis for elucidating the synthesis of active components. ...
Background:
Hericium erinaceus, also known as lion's mane mushroom, is a widely distributed edible and medicinal fungus in Asian countries. H. erinaceus harbors diverse bioactive metabolites with anticancer, immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antidiabetic and neuroprotective properties. Although the chemical synthesis processes of these bioactive metabolites are known, the biosynthetic processes remain unknown.
Results:
In this study, we obtained the transcriptomes of six H. erinaceus strains using next-generation RNA sequencing and investigated the characteristics of the transcriptomes and biosynthesis of bioactive compounds, especially polysaccharides. The transcriptomes ranged in size from 46.58 to 58.14 Mb, with the number of unigenes ranging from 20,902 to 37,259 across the six H. erinaceus strains. Approximately 60% of the unigenes were successfully annotated by comparing sequences against different databases, including the nonredundant (NR), Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), clusters of orthologous groups for eukaryotic complete genomes (KOG) and Swiss-Prot databases. Most of the transcripts were putatively involved in signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, translation, transport and catabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Genes involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis were identified, and these genes encoded phosphoglucomutase (PGM), glucose phosphate isomerase (PGI), UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP), glycoside hydrolase family proteins, glycosyltransferase family proteins and other proteins. Moreover, the putative pathway for the intracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis of H. erinaceus was analyzed. Additionally, the open reading frames (ORFs) and simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were predicted from the transcriptome data of the six strains.
Conclusions:
Overall, the present study may facilitate the discovery of polysaccharide biosynthesis processes in H. erinaceus and provide useful information for exploring the secondary metabolites in other members of the Basidiomycetes genus.
