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Terminal branches of the facial nerve on the face. (1) temporal branch, (2) zygomatic branch, (3) buccal branch, (4) marginal mandibular branch, (5) cervical branch.
Source publication
Dermatologic problems of the face affect both function and aesthetics, which are based on complex anatomical features. Treating dermatologic problems while preserving the aesthetics and functions of the face requires knowledge of normal anatomy. When performing successfully invasive procedures of the face, it is essential to understand its underlyi...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... The intratemporal component of the facial nerve exits the canal through the stylomastoid foramen behind the ear. Here starts the extratemporal facial nerve (Figure 3). In the adult, it is protected laterally by the tip of the mastoid process, the tympanic ring, and the mandibular ramus. ...
Context 2
... frontal nerve leaves the superior border of the parotid gland and travels within the SMAS over the zygomatic arch and temporal area (Figure 3). It is located within a triangle bounded laterally by a line drawn 0.5 cm below the tragus to 2 cm above the lateral eyebrow, inferiorly by the zygomatic arch and medially by the margin of the lateral orbital rim. ...
Context 3
... is located within a triangle bounded laterally by a line drawn 0.5 cm below the tragus to 2 cm above the lateral eyebrow, inferiorly by the zygomatic arch and medially by the margin of the lateral orbital rim. 23,25 The zygomatic branch exits the superomedial border of the parotid gland and passes transversely over the zygomatic bone towards the lateral canthus (Figure 3). There may be up to three zygomatic branches. ...
Context 4
... may be up to three zygomatic branches. The buccal branch leaves the anterior border of the parotid gland and shows near relation with the parotid duct ( Figure 3). As a single branch, it can be located above or below the duct. ...
Context 5
... are anastomoses between the two branches. 27 The marginal mandibular branch exits from the inferior border of the parotid gland (Figure 3). Its relation to the inferior border of the mandible is used as an important landmark for surgical procedures of the face and neck. ...
Context 6
... It may pass either superficially or deep behind the facial artery, but it is almost always superficial to the retromandibular and facial veins. 29 The cervical branch courses into the neck from the inferior border of the parotid gland (Figure 3). It runs superficially in the subdermal plane as it supplies the inferior portion of the platysma. ...
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Citations
... The muscle anatomy is largely composed of origo, insersio, and belli. With origo and insersio are muscle ends attached to the bone or on the ligaments, while the bellows are the contracted muscle parts as shown below [19,20]. ...
Facial expression or mimic is one of the results of muscle motion on the face. In a large Indonesian dictionary, the expression is a disclosure or process of declaring, i.e. showing or expressing intentions, ideas of feelings and so on. Facial expression is affected by the cranial nerve VII or Nervus Facialis. In research conducted Paul Ekman got a standardization of expression in the format of a movement called the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). In his research, Paul Ekman said six basic expressions of happiness, sadness, shock, fear, anger, and disgust. In muscle anatomy, that every moving muscle must be contraction, and in the event of contraction, the muscle will expand or swell. Muscles are divided into three parts of origo and insersio as the tip of muscle and belli as the midpoint of the muscle, so any movement occurs then the muscle part belli will expand or swell. Data retrieval technique that is by recording data in 3D, any contraction occurs then the belli part of the muscle will swell and this data will be processed and compared. From this data processing will be obtained the maximum strength of contraction that will be used as a reference for the magnitude of expression made by the model. In the detection of expression is ecluidience distance by comparing the initial data with movement data. The result of this research is a detection of expression and the amount of expression that occurs. A conclusion of this research, we can reconstruction of facial expression detection using FACS, for the example the happiness expression using AU 6 and AU 12 and in this research AU 6 and AU 12 in area 1 and area 4, and in this area it so higher than the other.
... The face is a unique part of the body with its individual anatomical characteristics and can be defined as the anterior aspect of the head. Anatomically, the face extends superiorly to the hairline, inferiorly to the chin and base of the mandible, and laterally to the auricles (Marur et al. 2014). ...
... The face plays an important role for human relationship including esthetics, emotions, communication, and social interaction. The face is also one of the most intriguing body parts regarding identity (Marur et al. 2014). In medicine, many specialties including dentistry manage orofacial disorders. ...
The face is a unique part of the body with its individual anatomical characteristics. While the dental clinician is usually focused on the oral cavity, the physical examination should involve close attention to the neurosensory status of the facial skin. Furthermore, skin sensitivity should be assessed pre- and postoperatively in conjunction with dental interventions. The face can be divided into several functional units, such as the eyes, nose, mouth/lips, and cheeks. With regard to the neurosensory supply of the skin, various innervation territories of the face can be distinguished representing the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. In addition, cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus provide sensitivity to the lower and lateral portions of the face. The objective of the present article is to provide the dental clinician with a literature update of the neurosensory innervation of the face.
... The face is a unique part of the body with its individual anatomical characteristics and can be defined as the anterior aspect of the head. Anatomically, the face extends superiorly to the hairline, inferiorly to the chin and base of the mandible, and laterally to the auricles (Marur et al. 2014). ...
... The face plays an important role for human relationship including esthetics, emotions, communication, and social interaction. The face is also one of the most intriguing body parts regarding identity (Marur et al. 2014). In medicine, many specialties including dentistry manage orofacial disorders. ...
The face is a unique part of the body with its individual anatomical characteristics. While the dental clinician is usually focused on the oral cavity, the physical examination should involve close attention to the neurosensory status of the facial skin. Furthermore, skin sensitivity should be assessed pre-and postoperatively in conjunction with dental interventions. The face can be divided into several functional units, such as the eyes, nose, mouth/lips, and cheeks. With regard to the neurosensory supply of the skin, various innerva-tion territories of the face can be distinguished representing the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. In addition, cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus provide sensitivity to the lower and lateral portions of the face. The objective of the present article is to provide the dental clini-cian with a literature update of the neurosensory innervation of the face.
... The extracerebral portion of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve (V1: ophthalmic division, V2: maxillary division, V3: mandibular division) has been described extensively before by many authors (Lang, 1981;Usunoff et al., 1997;Sessle, 2000;Go et al., 2001;Williams et al., 2003;Schünke et al., 2006;Nieuwenhuys et al., 2008;Borges and Casselman, 2010;Sabancl et al., 2011;Bathla and Hegde, 2013;Joo et al., 2014;Marur et al., 2014). The three main divisions fuse at the trigeminal ganglion, which divides into motor and sensor rootlets. ...
Orofacial pain in patients relies on the anatomical pathways conducting nociceptive information, originating from the periphery towards the trigeminal sensory nucleus complex (TSNC) and finally, to the grey matter structures located in the diencephalon and the somatosensorical cortical regions. The anatomy and function of the so-called trigeminothalamic tracts have been investigated before. In these animal-based studies the intracerebral pathways were mapped using different retro- and anterograde tracing methods. We review the literature on the trigeminothalamic tracts. The observations of these studies are related to clinical findings using fMRI trials. The trigeminothalamic tracts can be subdivided into three pathways: a ventral (contralateral) and dorsal (ipsilateral) trigeminothalamic tract and the intranuclear pathway. Based on the reviewed evidence we hypothesize the co-existence of a nociceptive ipsilateral conduction to the cerebral cortex and we translate evidence from animal-based research to the human anatomy. Our hypothesis differs from the current hypothesis that orofacial pain arises only from nociceptive information via the contralateral, ventral trigeminothalamic pathway. Better understanding of the histology, anatomy and connectivity of the trigeminal fibers could contribute to the discovery of a more effective pain treatment in patients suffering from various orofacial pain syndromes
... Thus, the product can stimulate cell proliferation in the facial adipose tissue (Bichat fat pad), which is a source of noncommittal staminal cells that differentiate into cutaneous fibroblasts. 25,26 The administration of a high-osmolality compound (eg, Profhilo) in lymphatic vessel-enriched areas facilitates the diffusion until the achievement of an osmotic equilibrium. In our hypothesis, in fact, Profhilo attracts water molecules through the lymphatic fenestrated capillary endothelium facilitating the diffusion through the interstitial spaces to achieve the equilibrium condition. ...
Objective:
Facial aging is characterized by skin laxity and loss of skin elasticity. Hyaluronic acid, a biological component of the extracellular matrix, whose level decreases during aging, plays structural, rheological, and physiological roles in the skin. Hyaluronic acid may possess different molecular weights: low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (from 50 kDa) and high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (just up to 2 million kDa). This monocentric, retrospective, observational study investigates the efficacy, security, and tolerability of a new injective low- and high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid for facial skin rejuvenation.
Methods:
Eleven women received once a month, for 2 months, 2 mL of the product in the subcutaneous layer of the right and left malar/submalar areas. Facial skin echography, facial skin hydration, elasticity, and transepidermal water loss were assessed before (T 0), after 1 month (T 1), and after 3 months of treatment (T 2). The injective features of the product, physician subjective satisfaction, and patient satisfaction were also reported.
Results:
Facial face hydration, elasticity, and transepidermal water loss values significantly improved at T 1 and T 2 (P < .01). Patients were very satisfied at the end of the treatment, and the compound's profit evaluated by the physician was optimal in the absence of local side effects.
Conclusions:
This treatment represents a good treatment option to restore vitality and turgidity of skin presenting the signs of aging in the absence of intolerance symptoms.
... It anastomoses with the facial artery and the dorsal nasal branch of the ophthalmic artery. 55 The lacrimal artery branches into the zygomaticofacial artery and zygomaticotemporal artery. The zygomaticofacial artery passes through the lateral wall of the orbit and emerges to supply the skin overlying the cheek prominence. ...
BACKGROUND
As the popularity of soft tissue fillers increases, so do the reports of adverse events. The most serious complications are vascular in nature and include blindness.OBJECTIVE
To review the cases of blindness after filler injection, to highlight key aspects of the vascular anatomy, and to discuss prevention and management strategies.METHODSA literature review was performed to identify all the cases of vision changes from filler in the world literature.RESULTSNinety-eight cases of vision changes from filler were identified. The sites that were high risk for complications were the glabella (38.8%), nasal region (25.5%), nasolabial fold (13.3%), and forehead (12.2%). Autologous fat (47.9%) was the most common filler type to cause this complication, followed by hyaluronic acid (23.5%). The most common symptoms were immediate vision loss and pain. Most cases of vision loss did not recover. Central nervous system complications were seen in 23.5% of the cases. No treatments were found to be consistently successful in treating blindness.CONCLUSION
Although the risk of blindness from fillers is rare, it is critical for injecting physicians to have a firm knowledge of the vascular anatomy and to understand key prevention and management strategies.
... Bu sinirin hasarı konuşma ve gülme sırasında asimetriye neden olur. Servikal dal ise parotis alt ucundan çıkıp mandibula köşesinin arkasından aşağı inerek platysmaya ulaşır(2).Procerus: Nazal kemiğin üst orta kısmından başlar, vertikal olarak glabellada corrugatorların arasında ilerler. Bu kasın kasılması burun kökünde horizontal çizgilerin oluşmasına neden olur. ...
In order to achieve successful results with minimal risk of complications in cosmetic surgical procedures, detailed facial topographical anatomic features should be wellknown. This review presents facial topographical anatomy including musculature, nerve and vascular supply, their location and branching system. Additionaly basic anatomical principals and keypoints are mentioned for achieving optimal and safe cosmetic results. İdeal cosmetic procedures and ideal results requires knowledge of basic facial anatomy together with evaluation of personal variations in every patient.
... time, objective evaluation of facial nerve function is based either on electroneuronography and electromyography (Wilkinson and Kaufmann, 2005;Li, 2006) or on assessment of facial muscle movements and change of facial appearance (Tomat and Manktelow, 2005;Cecini et al., 2013;Paletz et al., 1994;Linstrom, 2002;Holman et al., 1996;Hadlock and Urban, 2012;Meier-Gallati et al., 1998;Jorge et al., 2012;Frey et al., 1999Frey et al., , 2011Tzou et al., 2012). There are 15 pairs of mimic muscles (Marur et al., 2014) supplied by various branches of the facial nerve. Their locations are superficial and their contraction causes local facial skin displacement via their connection to the skin (Frigerio et al., 2014) and subsequently visible facial appearance changes. ...
Objective:
To measure movements of markers over the primary site and associated mimic muscles in certain facial expressions, for evaluating facial paresis and synkinesis.
Methods:
Participants included 22 normal subjects aged 45-66 years. Maximum shift (Smax) and velocity (Vmax) were measured using a custom-designed 3-D dynamic quantitative analysis system of facial motion (3-D ASFM) based on motion capture technology. Measures were taken from peri-oral muscles during forceful brow raising and tight eye closure, and from muscles around the eye during grinning, right/left/bilateral mouth corner raising and smiling.
Results:
1) During forceful brow raising, Smax was 3.65-4.46 mm for markers over perioral muscles, with the marker over the nasolabial fold showing a Vmax greater than others (60.60 mm/s on left and 62.70 mm/s on right). 2) In tight eye closure, Smax of perioral muscle markers was 1.58-1.92 mm, with Vmax being 11.40-14.76 mm/s. 3) In grinning, the largest eye muscle marker Smax was seen at the lower lid (3.93 mm on left and 4.15 mm on right) and the smallest at the inner canthus (1.59 mm on left and 1.53 mm on right), with the largest Vmax seen at the upper lid and smallest also at the inner canthus (11.71 mm/s on left and 11.09 mm/s on right). 4) In smiling, the largest non-oral Smax and Vmax were seen at the upper lid (3.05 mm and 36.14 mm/s on left and 2.53 mm and 28.90 mm/s on right) and the smallest also at the inner canthus (0.69 mm and 7.22 mm/s on left and 0.77 mm and 7.80 mm/s on right). 5) In right mouth corner raising, Smax and Vmax at lateral and medial canthus and at lower lid were greater on right than left, while those at upper lid and brow were slightly greater on left than right. 6) In left mouth corner raising, Smax and Vmax at lateral canthus and upper and lower lids were greater on left than right.
Conclusions:
There are no absolute immobile points on the face when making facial expressions. In addition to the primary movement site, there are associated movements at other points on the face with consistent Smax and Vmax. In assessing facial paresis and synkinesis, physiological associated facial movements should be taken into consideration.
A comprehensive and nuanced understanding of facial anatomy, with its intricate structures and layered complexity, is fundamental for practitioners in aesthetic medicine. The efficacy of treatments and the avoidance of complications are correlated with the depth of anatomical knowledge and the ability to apply it in practice. In an era of rapidly advancing scientific discovery, it is incumbent upon practitioners to remain abreast of emerging research and newly published studies. This continual learning process fortifies the foundational knowledge that underpins their practice. Recognising the inherent variations across the general population is critical. Furthermore, an evolving body of research is shedding light on ethnic disparities in facial anatomy, thereby necessitating a nuanced, individualised approach to aesthetic treatments. This chapter aims to illuminate the three-dimensional architecture of facial anatomy, dissecting it layer by layer. Each section will explore into the specifics of key structures, their interrelationships, and relevance to aesthetic procedures. Emphasis will be placed on the anatomical considerations pertinent to thread lifting procedures. By providing a detailed exploration of facial anatomy, this chapter will equip practitioners with the knowledge required to optimise outcomes and minimise potential complications in their aesthetic practice.
Purpose of Review
Lacrimal neuralgia is a rare periorbital neuralgia. To date, only nine cases have been reported in the literature. Herein, we report a case and a comprehensive overview of the entity with a focus on the differential diagnosis of lacrimal neuralgia. Additionally, we propose putative diagnostic criteria for this rare neuralgia based on cases that have been reported.
Recent Findings
Among the ten cases of lacrimal neuralgia reported (including the one in this review), seven out of ten were idiopathic, and the other three were considered secondary. Most patients reported stabbing and shooting pain that was either paroxysmal or continuous. The most effective therapy was nerve block for seven patients and pregabalin for three patients. The most important clues to differentiate lacrimal neuralgia from other causes of periorbital pain include pain topography and pain with features suggestive of neuralgia.
Summary
The core feature of lacrimal neuralgia is neuralgic pain located in the area supplied by the lacrimal nerve, and the etiology could be primary or secondary. Responsiveness to anesthetic blockade might better serve as a confirmational, rather than mandatory, criterion for diagnosis.
