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Temperature effect on metabolic efficiency (q/R CO2 ) of Rhizoctonia solani isolates. The dotted line in the graph shows the Thornton constant value. Means are the average of 6 replicates and vertical lines correspond to the standard deviations
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Temperature is one of the factors playing an important role in fungi growth and spread. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of temperature on the growth of ten Rhizoctonia solani isolates. Colony Growth Rate (GR) was measured in potato-agar-dextrose cultures and Metabolic Efficiency (ME) by isothermal microcalorimetry in R. solani iso...
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... 2 shows that all strains analyzed demonstrated different Ea values with a wide range from 21 up to 99 Joules*mol °K -1 . Figure 1 shows the metabolic efficiency of the isolates analyzed at various temperatures. In the same graph the Thornton's constant (455±15 kJ moL −1 ) is shown ( Criddle et al., 1990;Hansen et al., 1998), which is used as a criterion to classify metabolic efficiency. ...
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Citations
... They also reported that the highest mycelium growth of A. alternata was observed at 25 °C, while the radial growth at 10 °C was approximately 30% of the maximum, while Pennypacker, (1988) showed that conidia germination of A. solani occurred at temperatures fluctuated 10-32 °C, with highest percentage of conidia germination at 25 °C. Similar results were also produced by Orozco-Avitia et al. (2013) and Grosch and Kofort (2003), who found the colony growth rate of R. solani isolates, measured in potatoagar-dextrose cultures, increased as temperature increased up to 30 °C, showing the highest values between 20-25 °C. In other studies, Ritchie et al. (2009) found that sclerotial germination of R. solani occurred over a broad temperature range (10 to 30 °C), which is in good agreement with the results of our study, while while Ciliberti et al. (2015) Swanson and Van Gundy (1985) showed that the pathogen F. oxysporum f. sp. ...
Preharvest fruit rots are serious tomato diseases. This study showed that Botrytis cinerea was a significant problem, and that Alternaria ( A. alternata, A. solani ) was the main pathogen identified from tomatoes showing the symptoms of preharvest fruit rots. Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani were also found causing important preharvest fruit rots in tomatoes. This is the first time F. oxysporum and R. solani have been identified in Greece as pathogens causing preharvest fruit rots on tomatoes. The optimal temperatures for A. alternata, A. solani, B. cinerea , and F. oxysporum mycelial growth and conidial germination were generally found to be between 20 and 30 °C, while the wetness duration of 24 hours seemed to be optimal for conidial germination and 84 hours for R. solani sclerotial germination. Based on the above findings, logistic regression models that adequately described the impact of pre-inoculation temperature and wetness on infection incidence in tomato fruit can be created. As the minimum, maximum, optimal temperatures and wetness duration are generally similar for the main pathogens causing preharvest fruit rots in tomato, it is possibly to develop a predicting predictive model to forecast the preharvest infection of tomato fruit. So enabling advice to be given to growers to when control methods should be applied.
... In nature, R. solani reproduces asexually and exists primarily as vegetative mycelium and/ or as sclerotia (Anderson, 1982;Ajayi-Oyetunde and Bradley, 2018). R. solani is present in most soils, and most members of this species complex have an optimal activity between 15 and 25 C in humid and wet soil conditions (Orozco-Avitia et al., 2013). ...
Rhizoctonia solani is a soilborne pathogen with a broad host range. An anastomosis group (AG) system based on hyphal fusions has been established to distinguish between different R. solani subgroups in this species complex. Members of the AG2-2IIIB subgroup can cause serious problems in sugar beet production, resulting in Rhizoctonia root and crown rot. In this review, we summarize the current molecular advances in the R. solani sugar beet pathosystem. The draft genome of R. solani AG2-2IIIB has an estimated size of 56.02 Mb, larger than any of the R. solani AGs sequenced to date. The genome of AG2-2IIIB has been predicted to harbor 11,897 protein-encoding genes, including a high number of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). The highest number of CAZymes was observed for polysaccharide lyase family 1 (PL-1), glycoside hydrolase family 43 (GH-43), and carbohydrate esterase family 12 (CE-12). Eleven single-effector candidates were predicted based on AG2-2IIIB genome data. The RsLysM, RsRlpA, and RsCRP1 genes were highly induced upon early-stage infection of sugar beet seedlings, and heterologous expression in Cercospora beticola and model plant species demonstrated their involvement in virulence. However, despite the progress achieved thus far on the molecular interactions in this pathosystem, many aspects remain to be elucidated, including the development of efficient transformation systems, important for functional studies, and the silencing of undesirable traits in the sugar beet crop.
... Hifa akan mati dan tidak dapat membentuk sklerosium pada suhu 0 o C, dan pada suhu -10 o C sklerosium akan mati (Sumartini, 2012). Hasil penelitian (Sukamto dan Tombe, 1992) memperlihatkan isolat R. solani penyebab busuk pangkal batang tanaman Mentha mempunyai suhu optimum 30 o C. (Goswami et al., 2011), menunjukkan lima isolat R. solani yang diisolasi dari tanaman padi mempunyai suhu optimum berkisar 25-30 o C. (Orozco-Avitia et al., 2013) melaporkan sepuluh isolat R. solani yang diisolasi dari tanaman cabai menunjukkan pertumbuhan optimum pada kisaran suhu 15-30 o C. ...
Penyakit hawar pelepah pada tanaman jagung yang disebabkan oleh jamur Rhizoctonia solani merupakan salah satu penyakit penting di Indonesia. R. solani merupakan jamur patogen nekrotrofik tular tanah yang sensitif terhadap berbagai kondisi lingkungan. Pengaruh empat variasi suhu (10, 20, 30, dan 40 oC), lima varisi tingkat pH (5, 6, 7, 8, dan 9) dan tiga variasi durasi cahaya (12 jam gelap/12 jam terang, gelap 24 jam, dan terang 24 jam) diuji terhadap pertumbuhan koloni dan pembentukan sklerosium tiga isolat R. solani dari daerah yang berbeda lokasi secara in vitro di laboratorium. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pertumbuhan koloni tiga isolat R. solani pada kisaran suhu 10-30 oC, sedangkan pada suhu 40 oC menyebabkan kematian jamur. Pertumbuhan optimum R. solani pada suhu 30 oC. Semua isolat R. solani membentuk sklerosium pada suhu 30 oC. Tiga isolat R. solani mampu tumbuh pada kisaran pH 5-9 dengan pertumbuhan optimum pada kisaran pH 6-9. Semua isolat R. solani mampu membentuk sklerosium pada kisaran pH 5–9. Tiga isolat R. solani mampu tumbuh dan membentuk sklerosium pada kondisi siklus cahaya bergantian 12 jam gelap dan 12 jam terang, gelap 24 jam, dan terang 24 jam. Bioekologi tiga isolat R. solani berupa pengaruh pH medium dan suhu inkubasi, serta durasi cahaya menunjukkan adanya keragaman tanggapan pertumbuhan koloni. Studi ini penting untuk memahami bagaimana perkembangan isolat R. solani terjadi begitu cepat dalam perilaku yang berbeda. Pengetahuan tentang respons perkembangan jamur R. solani terhadap kondisi lingkungan yang berbeda bermanfaat dalam studi lebih lanjut terkait interaksi inang-patogen dan perkembangan penyakit.
... Hal yang dapat memengaruhi terjadinya penyakit busuk pelepah ini yakni ketinggian tempat, iklim, dan varietas. Jamur R. solani dapat berkembang dengan baik pada kelembapan yang tiggi (>80%) dan suhu 15-35 ºC (Orozco-Avitia et al., 2013). ...
[EXPLORATION AND VIRULENT TEST OF MAIZE ENDOPHYTE Bacillus sp. AGAINST MAIZE SHEATH BLIGHT]. Capability of endophytic bacterial, effectivity, and its effect on R. solani. and on maize seedlings growth were investigated from April 2018 to January 2019. Exploration of endophytes bacteria in maize was taken from Banyumas Regency (Sumbang, Kembaran, Baturraden) and Purbalingga Regency (Padamara, Bojongsari, Pratin). Taking plant samples using Purposive Random Sampling and Diagonal Sampling methods. Completely randomized design was used in in vitro test with 16 treatments repeated twice. Completely randomized block design was used in in planta experiment with 5 treatments repeated 5 times. The treatment consisted of control, fungiside (mankozeb), and 2 isolates of endophytes bacteria performing the best in vitro result. Variables observed included characteristics of endophytic bacteria and pathogenic fungi, inhibition diameter, incubation period, disease intensity, incidence of disease, AUDPC, plant height, leaf number, root length, plant fresh weight, canopy fresh weight, and root fresh weight. Resultshowed that the exploration obtained 15 endophytic Bacillus sp. isolates. The PD A.4 and BK A.1 isolates werw able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi in-vitro by 56.93 and 51.5%, respectively. The soaking treatment using BK A1 was able to reduce disease intensity by 59.377%, and AUDPC value 34.19%. Endophytic bacteria influence plant height, plant fresh weight, canopy fresh weight, and fresh weight of roots respectively as 89.17 cm, 126.06 g, 106.67 g and 19.4 g.
... [2] in which they studied the effect of temperature on sclerotia formation and colony growth, 30 °C was the best temperature for the production of sclerotia in R. solani. (Grosch and Kofoet, 2003;Ogoshi et al., 1990;Avitia et al., 2013) [3,10,1] . Table 2 reveals that mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani was different on Czapek's dox agar basal medium with different carbon sources. ...
... [2] in which they studied the effect of temperature on sclerotia formation and colony growth, 30 °C was the best temperature for the production of sclerotia in R. solani. (Grosch and Kofoet, 2003;Ogoshi et al., 1990;Avitia et al., 2013) [3,10,1] . Table 2 reveals that mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani was different on Czapek's dox agar basal medium with different carbon sources. ...
In the present investigation, in vitro effect of different temperature, different carbon sources, nitrogen sources and effect of different hydrogen ion concentration were evaluated against Rizoctonia solani Kuhn in which mycelial growth was observed and numbers of sclerotia were counted. Among the different temperature i.e. 20 o C, 25 o C, 30 o C, 35 o C and 40 o C, maximum mycelial growth and sclerotia was observed at 30 o C. Among the different carbon sources i.e. glucose, sucrose, maltose, fructose and lactose maximum mycelial growth and sclerotia were recorded in sucrose source. Similarly different nitrogen sources i.e. ammonium chloride, L-alanine, L-agrinine, glutamic acid and ammonium nitrate, most suitable growth media was ammonium nitrate in which maximum mycelial growth and maximum number of sclerotia were recorded and among the different hydrogen ion concentration (pH) levels i.e. 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5 and 8.0 most suitable pH was 7.0 in which maximum mycelial growth and sclerotia were observed.
... In the present study, some fungi were isolated either at 19°C, such as Humicola grisea, P. mirabile, Rhizoctonia solani; or at 28°C, such as Cheatomium brasiliense and Zopfiella latipes. However the optimum temperature for Rhizoctonia solani growth ranged between 15-30°C ( Orozco-Avitia et al., 2013). In cluster analysis, the 5 sources (soil, rhizosphere, rhizoplane, phyllosphere and phylloplane) and two incubation temperatures (19° and 28ºC) were grouped based on total counts of fungal species ( Figure 1). ...
The goal of this study was to characterize diversity of fungal biota in soil, roots and green leaves of onion plant. Seventy- nine fungal species belonging to 32 genera were isolated from soil (29 genera and 72 species), rhizosphere (25 and 52), rhizoplane (24 and 38), phyllosphere (17 and 41) and phylloplane (17 and 35) on PDA medium at 19º and 28ºC. The number of fungal genera and species in soil was higher than those on roots and leaves, while those on the surface of roots (rhizosphere) or leaves (phyllosphere) were higher than those adhering to roots (rhizoplane) or leaves (phylloplane). Aspergillus (A. niger and A. terreus), followed by Penicillium (P. funiculosum and P. chrysogenum), Rhizopus (R. stolonifer) and Fusarium (F. oxysporum) were the most common fungi. A new record species is reported for the first time to Egypt namely, Zopfiella latipes (from phylloplane of onion).
... Isolates used bioassays were randomly obtained from sclerotia removed from potato tubers. To assess the effect of temperature on R. solani growth, isolates were grown on potato-dextrose agar (Orozco-Avitia et al., 2013) and anastomosis reaction was also assessed using tester strains of AG-1 to AG-11 (Carling et al., 2002). Pathogenicity of two randomly chosen isolates RH176 and RH200 belonging to AG3 was determined. ...
A biopesticide prototype consisting on a dry powder formulation based upon a combination of the Colombian isolates T. koningiopsis (TH003) and baculovirus (PhopGV-VG003) was developed to control simultaneously Rhizoctonia solani and Tecia solanivora on potato. Results showed that efficacy of the bioproduct to control both agents were at least 80% in seed-tubers stored for one month. For those seed-tubers treated with the prototype and then planted in soil infested with R. solani under greenhouse conditions, the results showed that the product had at least an 85% of efficacy. In conclusion, a formulation based on both biocontrol agents demonstrated its potential for controlling both pathogen and pest, suggesting that this approach is better than use single organisms in an Integrated Pest Management program.
... Temperature and leaf wetness duration are among the most important environmental factors affecting the growth and activity of plant pathogens (Huber and Gillespie 1992). The optimum temperatures for the mycelial growth of R. solani are in the range of 25 to 30°C (Goswami et al. 2011; Orozco-Avitia et al. 2013). Prolonged periods of leaf wetness duration are necessary for the mycelial progression of R. solani on the rice host plant (Yang et al. 1990). ...
Sheath blight (ShB) caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA, narrow brown leaf
spot (NBLS) caused by Cercospora janseana and fertility are among the most important
factors limiting rice production in the U.S. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to
better understand the effects of temperature and cultivar resistance on the biocontrol
efficacy of Bacillus subtilis strain MBI 600 for management of ShB. Also, lab and field
trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of fungicides for control of C. janseana
and NBLS. In addition, greenhouse and field trials were conducted to explore the use of
microalgae-based biofertilizers for rice production. In the first study in the greenhouse,
plants of two rice cultivars (moderately resistant and susceptible to ShB) were spray
treated with strain MBI 600 and subjected to different temperatures for 24 hours in dew
growth chambers. Disease severity was assessed after 8 days of incubation. In the second
study under in vitro conditions, fungicide sensitivity of C. janseana based on the
percentage relative germination and the effective concentration that inhibited 50% of
conidia germination were assessed. A field trial was also conducted in 2012 and 2014 to
evaluate the efficacy of fungicides for control of NBLS and yield improvement. In the
third study, greenhouse and field trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of N2-fixing cyanobacterial biofertilizer, microalgal biomass concentrate, and urea fertilizer on
rice plant height and yield.
In the first study, temperature significantly affected the relative biocontrol
efficacy of strain MBI 600 in reducing ShB development in either cultivar. Its efficacy
linearly increased with the increase of temperature, reaching the maximum at 35 or
40°C.
In the second study, the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides
fluxapyroxad and flutolanil were most and least effective, respectively, in inhibiting C.
janseana conidia, indicating that there was no cross-resistance between fluxapyroxad
and flutolanil. Fluxapyroxad, propiconazole alone and in combination with azoxystrobin
iii
or trifloxystrobin were highly effective controlling NBLS. However, azoxystrobin was
not effective to control NBLS.
In the third study in the greenhouse, microalgal biomass concentrate treatment
significantly improved rice plant height. However, no biofertilizer treatments improved
rice yield in the field.
El tizón de la vaina causada por Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA, la cercosporiosis causada por Cercospora janseana y la fertilidad son los factores más importantes que limitan la producción de arroz en los Estados Unidos. Experimentos bajo condiciones de invernadero se llevaron a cabo para entender mejor los efectos de la temperatura y la resistencia del cultivar en la eficacia del control biológico Bacillus subtilis cepa deMBI 600 para el manejo del tizón de la vaina. Además, se realizaron ensayos bajo condiciones de laboratorio y campo para evaluar la eficacia de los fungicidas para el control de C. janseana
y cercosporiosis. Además, se llevaron a cabo ensayos de invernadero y de campo para explorar el uso de
biofertilizantes a base de microalgas para la producción de arroz.
En el primer estudio en el invernadero, plantas de dos cultivares de arroz (cultivar moderadamente resistente y susceptible al tizón de la vaina) fueron rociadas con la cepa MBI 600 y se sometieron a diferentes temperaturas durante 24 horas en cámaras de crecimiento con humedad. La severidad de la enfermedad se evaluó después de 8 días de incubación. En el segundo estudio en condiciones in vitro, se evaluó la sensibilidad de C. janseana a fungicidas basados en el porcentaje relativo de germinación y la concentración efectiva que inhibe el 50% de esporulación. También se realizó una prueba de campo en el 2012 y 2014 para evaluar la eficacia de los fungicidas para el control de la cercosporiosis y mejora del rendimiento. En el tercer estudio, se llevaron a cabo ensayos de invernadero y de campo para evaluar los efectos del biofertilizante de cianobacterias fijadoras de N2, concentrado de biomasa de microalgas y el fertilizante urea en la altura de la planta de arroz y su rendimiento.
En el primer estudio, la temperatura influyó significativamente en la eficacia relativa del control biológico de la cepa MBI 600 en la reducción del desarrollo del tizón de la vaina en cualquier cultivar. Su eficacia aumentó
linealmente con el aumento de la temperatura, alcanzando el máximo a 35 o 40 ° C. En el segundo estudio, el fungicida a base del inhibidor de succinato deshidrogenasa, fluxapiroxad y flutolanil fue el más y menos efectivo, respectivamente, en la inhibición de conidios de C.janseana, indicando que no había ninguna resistencia cruzada entre fluxapiroxad y flutolanil. Fluxapiroxad, propiconazole solo y en combinación con azoxistrobina o trifloxistrobina fueron muy eficaces para controlar cercosporiosis. Sin embargo, azoxistrobina no fue eficaz para controlar cercosporiosis. En el tercer estudio en el invernadero, el tratamiento a base de concentrado de biomasa de microalgas mejoró significativamente la altura de la planta de arroz. Sin embargo, ningún tratamiento a bacse de biofertilizante mejoró la producción de arroz en el campo.
... Increasing relative humidity up to 90% or more improves the efficacy of B. bassiana under greenhouse conditions (Shipp et al., 2003). Temperature is another important factor playing a key role in fungi growth and spread (Orozco-Avitia et al., 2013). Moreover, the conidia used in the greenhouse bioassay were unformulated conidia with no additives that might improve efficacy such UV protectants and other inert ingredients used in commercial formulations. ...
Isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana originated from Jordan were evaluated for their efficacy against the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Efficacy evaluation involved testing all isolates at a concentration of 1×107 conidia/mL followed by concentration dependent and greenhouse bioassays for the top virulent isolates. Growth characteristics related to virulence were evaluated for high, intermediate and low virulent isolates. Results showed that three isolates namely: BAU004, BAU018 and BAU019 were highly virulent to the aphid in the laboratory causing more than 75% infection. In the greenhouse, the three isolates caused infection from 41.3 to 46.5%. For the growth characteristics, isolate BAU019 produced more spores than the other highly virulent ones including the commercial isolate GHA. Highly virulent isolates also showed faster hyphal growth than low virulent isolates. These findings indicate that isolates BAU004, Bau018 and BAU019 might be developed as commercial microbial insecticides for safe and effective control of green peach aphid.
... Increasing relative humidity up to 90% or more improves the efficacy of B. bassiana under greenhouse conditions (Shipp et al., 2003). Temperature is another important factor playing a key role in fungi growth and spread (Orozco-Avitia et al., 2013). Moreover, the conidia used in the greenhouse bioassay were unformulated conidia with no additives that might improve efficacy such UV protectants and other inert ingredients used in commercial formulations. ...
Isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana originated from Jordan were evaluated for their efficacy against the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Efficacy evaluation involved testing all isolates at a concentration of 1×107 conidia/mL followed by concentration dependent and greenhouse bioassays for the top virulent isolates. Growth characteristics related to virulence were evaluated for high, intermediate and low virulent isolates. Results showed that three isolates namely: BAU004, BAU018 and BAU019 were highly virulent to the aphid in the laboratory causing more than 75% infection. In the greenhouse, the three isolates caused infection from 41.3 to 46.5%. For the growth characteristics, isolate BAU019 produced more spores than the other highly virulent ones including the commercial isolate GHA. Highly virulent isolates also showed faster hyphal growth than low virulent isolates. These findings indicate that isolates BAU004, Bau018 and BAU019 might be developed as commercial microbial insecticides for safe and effective control of green peach aphid.
