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Teleomorph of Hypocrea seppoi. a) Dry stroma. b) Stroma surface in 3% KOH. c) Fertile part of stroma after reconstitution with water. d) Groups of perithecia on stipe of stroma. e) Stroma surface after reconstitution with water. f) Perithecium in section. g) Cortical and subcortical tissue in section. h) Stroma surface in face view. i) Subperithecial tissue in section. j, k) Asci with ascospores (j in 3% KOH, k in cotton blue/lactic acid). a, d, e, h from WU 28698. b, c, f, g, i, j, k from WU 28699. Scale bars: a = 2.5 mm, b, e = 0.3 mm, c = 0.6 mm, d = 0.8 mm, f, g, i = 30 μm, h, j, k = 10 μm.
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The new stipitate species of Hypocrea, H. seppoi; is described, based on material freshly collected in Finland. Characterization of this species includes morphology of teleomorph and anamorph, culture studies and molecular phylogeny. H. seppoi is compared to the other European soil-inhabiting, stipitate Hypocrea species. It is characterized by smal...
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Citations
... J. Bissett with colleagues, worked on the edge of DNA Barcoding times (the 90's of the 20th century) and recognized 24 species, including some that have been DNA barcoded ( Table 2). The most substantial contribution to Trichoderma taxonomy of all time was made by the groups of W. M. Jaklitsch [> 120 species, (for example, Jaklitsch 2009Jaklitsch , 2011Jaklitsch et al. 2005Jaklitsch et al. , 2006Jaklitsch et al. , 2008aJaklitsch et al. , b, 2012Jaklitsch et al. , 2014Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2012] and G. J. Samuels [> 70 species, (for example, Samuels et al. 2002Samuels et al. , 2006Samuels et al. , 2010Samuels et al. , 2012Chaverri et al. 2015;Chaverri and Samuels 2003;Lu et al. 2004;Chaverri et al. 2011)] that worked alone or collaborated with each other and such researchers as C. P. Kubicek, E. Lieckfeldt, H. Voglmayr, and P. Chaverri (Fig. 2). Most of the above-listed taxonomists except P. Chaverri have completed their research in Trichoderma diversity. ...
Modern taxonomy has developed towards the establishment of global authoritative lists of species that assume the standardized principles of species recognition, at least in a given taxonomic group. However, in fungi, species delimitation is frequently subjective because it depends on the choice of a species concept and the criteria selected by a taxonomist. Contrary to it, identification of fungal species is expected to be accurate and precise because it should predict the properties that are required for applications or that are relevant in pathology. The industrial and plant-beneficial fungi from the genus Trichoderma (Hypocreales) offer a suitable model to address this collision between species delimitation and species identification. A few decades ago, Trichoderma diversity was limited to a few dozen species. The introduction of molecular evolutionary methods resulted in the exponential expansion of Trichoderma taxonomy, with up to 50 new species recognized per year. Here, we have reviewed the genus-wide taxonomy of Trichoderma and compiled a complete inventory of all Trichoderma species and DNA barcoding material deposited in public databases (the inventory is available at the website of the International Subcommission on Taxonomy of Trichoderma www.trichoderma.info ). Among the 375 species with valid names as of July 2020, 361 (96%) have been cultivated in vitro and DNA barcoded. Thus, we have developed a protocol for molecular identification of Trichoderma that requires analysis of the three DNA barcodes (ITS, tef1 , and rpb2 ), and it is supported by online tools that are available on www.trichokey.info . We then used all the whole-genome sequenced (WGS) Trichoderma strains that are available in public databases to provide versatile practical examples of molecular identification, reveal shortcomings, and discuss possible ambiguities. Based on the Trichoderma example, this study shows why the identification of a fungal species is an intricate and laborious task that requires a background in mycology, molecular biological skills, training in molecular evolutionary analysis, and knowledge of taxonomic literature. We provide an in-depth discussion of species concepts that are applied in Trichoderma taxonomy, and conclude that these fungi are particularly suitable for the implementation of a polyphasic approach that was first introduced in Trichoderma taxonomy by John Bissett (1948–2020), whose work inspired the current study. We also propose a regulatory and unifying role of international commissions on the taxonomy of particular fungal groups. An important outcome of this work is the demonstration of an urgent need for cooperation between Trichoderma researchers to get prepared to the efficient use of the upcoming wave of Trichoderma genomic data.
... For a long time, the phylogenetic positions of Aphysiostroma Barrasa, A.T. Martínez & G. Moreno, Podostroma, Pseudohypocrea and Sarawakus Lloyd were unclear or ambiguous. Considering the asexual state of Podostroma leucopus P. Karst., Chamberlain et al. (2004) synonymized Podostroma with Hypocrea, which was later confirmed by molecular analysis (Jaklitsch et al. 2008). Aphysiostroma and Sarawakus were also synonymized under Trichoderma based on morphological and molecular evidence Bissett et al. 2015). ...
Based on morphological characteristics, a hypocrea-like collection from Hunan Province was found to be identical with Pseudohypocrea hongkongensis, which was originally reported only from Hong Kong, China. A living culture of the fungus was obtained from fresh ascomata, and its asexual morph is described for the first time. The gross morphology and anatomic structure of the fungus and the type species of Pseudohypocrea were compared in detail. Their phylogenetic positions were explored based on sequence analyses of the combined ITS and nrLSU regions. Both morphological and molecular data support placing Pseudohypocrea in synonymy with Trichoderma. Two new combinations, T. citrinellum comb. nov. and T. hongkongense comb. nov., are thus proposed. The phylogenetic relationships of T. hongkongense and other members of the genus are confirmed by sequence analyses of the combined ITS, rpb2 and tef1 regions.
... sp. (Overton et al., 2006), Hypocrea petersenii and Hypocrea rogersonii , Hypocrea crystalligena (Jaklitsch et al., 2006a), Hypocrea viridescens (Jaklitsch et al., 2006b), Hypocrea alni and Hypocrea brunneoviridis (Jaklitsch et al., 2008a), Hypocrea decipiens (Jaklitsch et al., 2008b), Hypocrea seppoi (Jaklitsch et al., 2008c) and Hypocrea rodmanii (Degenkolb et al., 2008) also occur in Europe. From the Longibrachiatum clade, Trichoderma saturnisporum is also known from Sardinia (Samuels et al., 2012a). ...
This chapter attempts to summarize the recently available and rapidly increasing amount of information in the literature about the occurrence and biodiversity of Trichoderma species in different ecological habitats. Members of the genus are common in soil and rhizosphere of plants in natural and agricultural fields and forests and on decaying wood. They are also occurring in the air, settled dust and different water-related habitats including marine environments and drinking water. Furthermore, certain species are known as endophytes of plants, colonizers of mushroom-related natural and artificial substrata and facultative pathogens of humans, demonstrating a high adaptability to various ecological niches.
... Identifications using TrichOKEY suggested a new species also in the case of H. seppoi/T. seppoi, a new stipitate species from Finland described based on teleomorph and anamorph A. BIOLOGY AND BIODIVERSTIY morphology, culture studies and ITS, chi18-5, rpb2 and tef1 sequence analyses (Jaklitsch et al., 2008b). ...
Various Trichoderma and Hypocrea species have remarkable importance in industry, agriculture as well as clinical practice. The precise identification of isolates at the species level is crucial in all fields of Trichoderma research. Barcoding is a powerful tool for the identification of eukaryotic species, including fungi. In this chapter, TrichOKEY, a DNA barcode-based online programme developed for the identification of Trichoderma/Hypocrea species is presented and its practical applications are discussed.
... H. nybergiana differs from H. leucopus by the presence of larger, reddish brown stromata (46-93 mm) and slightly larger ascospores (3–5.5 x 3–4.2 μm). Stroma of H.seppoi shares the same colour with Hypocrea leucopus but it is smaller (up to 25 mm) (Chamberlain et al., 2004; Jaklitsch et al, 2008; Jaklitsch, 2011). ...
In this study, Hypocrea leucopus (P. Karst.) H.L. Chamb., a member of Ascomycota collected at Uzungöl
Nature Park (Trabzon), is reported for the first time at family level in Turkey. A short description and macro and
microphotographs are provided and discussed briefly.
The species of Trichoderma are the most common fungi to be used as biocontrol agents, and their metabolic arsenal has a wide variety of applications that places this genus among those with the potential to provide biotechnological products. The ubiquitous nature of Trichoderma has favored a rapid increase in the number of described species, and significant efforts have been made towards the taxonomy of Trichoderma in order to improve the accuracy of identification. During a study of cultivable microbiota from the Juruá River, Amazon, Brazil. Isolates with morphological characteristics of the genus Trichoderma were screened for their capacity to control phytopathogens. A total of five Trichoderma isolates were identified using morphological data combined with phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region, and partial sequences of TEF and RPB2 . Trichoderma juruarense sp. nov. form a monophyletic clade that is closely related to T . cyanodichotomus , a species that occupies an unresolved position in the Trichoderma taxonomy. T . cyanodichotomus and T. juruarense sp. nov. present an intracellular blue-green pigment in potato dextrose agar (PDA) and differ in conidia and chlamydospores sizes. These data support the proposition of a new species, named here as Trichoderma juruarense . The holotype of T. juruarense INPA0108 presents in vitro inhibition against phytopathogens, such as Colletotrichum siamense (50%), Corynespora cassiicola (43%), Fusarium decemcellulare (61%) and Sclerotium rolfsii (51%), which demonstrates desirable traits that warrant further studies on plant protection. In addition, T. cyanodichotomus and T. juruarense formed a new clade based on the sequence data of the RPB2 gene.
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are of high importance for biotechnological applications, in biocontrol and for production of homologous and heterologous proteins. However, sexual crossing under laboratory conditions has so far only been achieved with the species Trichoderma reesei, which was so far only isolated from tropical regions. Our isolation efforts aimed at the collection of Trichoderma strains from Austrian soils surprisingly also yielded 12 strains of the species T. reesei, which was previously not known to occur in Europe. Their identity was confirmed with tef1- and rpb2-sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. They could clearly be distinguished from tropical strains including the common laboratory wildtypes by UP-PCR and genetic variations adjacent to the mating type locus. The strains readily mated with reference strains derived from CBS999.97. Secreted cellulase and xylanase levels of these isolates were up to six-fold higher than those of QM6a indicating a high potential for strain improvement. The strains showed different responses to injury in terms of induction of sporulation, but a correlation to alterations in the nox1-gene sequence was not detected. Several synonymous SNPs were found in the sequence of the regulator gene noxR of the soil isolates compared to QM6a. Only in one strain, non-synonymous SNPs were found which impact a PEST sequence of NoxR, suggesting altered protein stability. The availability of sexually fertile strains from middle Europe naturally producing decent amounts of plant cell wall degrading enzymes opens up novel perspectives for non-GMO strain improvement and biological pretreatment of plant biomass for bioethanol production. Moreover, the varied response of these strains to injury in terms of sporulation, which is independent of Nox1 and NoxR suggests that additional regulators impact this phenomenon in T. reesei.
Species of Sarawakus are rarely encountered. Their teleomorphs resemble sexual stages of Trichoderma, formerly called Hypocrea, but differ from that genus by unicellular ascospores. The two green-spored species S. britannicus and the type species of Sarawakus, S. lycogaloides, recently were collected, compared with their types and cultured. We redescribe and illustrate these species and transfer them to Trichoderma, based on phylogenetic analysis of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha encoding gene (tef1), containing the two last introns and exon, and a part of the rpb2 gene, encoding the second largest RNA polymerase subunit. Trichoderma lycogaloides, was found to cluster with Hypocrea sulawesensis, an unusual species of Trichoderma, while T. britannicum is closely related to T. aerugineum of the Spinulosa clade. The anamorphs of the two examined species are characterized by (odd) verticillium-like conidiophores, large cylindrical phialides and conidia, which belong to the largest of those species forming green conidia, oval to subglobose in T. lycogaloides and oblong in T. britannicum. All species currently recognized in Sarawakus are transferred to Trichoderma, introducing the new combinations T. fragile, T. hexasporum, T. izawae, T. sordidum, T. subtrachycarpum, T. succisum and T. trachycarpum and the new name T. rosellum. Trichoderma trachycarpum is redescribed and illustrated from an isotype.
This book provides an update on the advances in Trichoderma research, covering most of the aspects related to the biology, genetics, genomics and applications of Trichoderma species. An overview of the importance of Trichoderma spp. in agriculture, industry and medicine (chapter 1) is presented. The remaining articles are broadly classified under the headings taxonomy and physiology (chapters 2-7), interactions of Trichoderma spp. with plants (chapters 8-12), and applications and significance (chapter 13-17). This book is intended for those involved in research and development activities dealing with Trichoderma .
