Fig 6
Source publication
Indian subcontinent atlas with respect to its geo-thermal domain and tectonomagnetic history provides immense data on geothermal reservoirs in the term of Hot-water Springs. However relatively less research exploitations are documented as compared to the other countries. The research activities with reference to the Hot-water Springs are scanty fro...
Citations
... They have an intrinsic supply of chemical nutirents and are distinguished from outside world by temperature regimens. These are the sequence or clusters of communities that decrease in complexity towards the source (Mitchell, 1974;Bisht et al., 2011;Rastogi et al., 2012;Wang et al., 2013;Strunecký et al., 2019). The highest temperature where blue green algae has life is considered as 77 • C which was also studied by Castenholz and Brock (Castenholz, 1969;Brock, 1967;Amarouche-Yala et al., 2014). ...
Microorganisms are ubiquitous in their habitat inhabiting almost every corner of the earth. The expanding demand and knowledge for sustainability and biotechnological approach for fulfilling food, health and environmental needs have led to study organisms found in extreme conditions. Thermophilic algae are found in hot springs present at globally distinct places with extreme environmental conditions of temperature (>50 °C), light, pH and nutrient composition. Thermophilic algae like Mastigocladus laminosus, Galdieria sulphuraria, Cyanidium caldarium, species of Synechococcus and Thermosynechococcus has been found to have more thermostable enzymes and high GC (guanine-cytosine) content than mesophilic algal forms. Having potential of high CO2 sequestration, thermophilic algae can be used in nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, pharmaceuticals, agricultural and fuel industries along to combat global warming and climate change problems and helps to attain sustainable environment. Some members of thermophilic algae including Synechococcus, Mastigocladus and Thermosynechococcus have shown to contain CRISPR-Cas systems in their genome which can be exploited in various genetic engineering tools.
Therefore, the present review article discusses the cultivation and harvesting techniques of thermophilic algae using different culturing media. Further, applications on pilot-scale and/or project-scale in terms of fuel (biodiesel) and non-fuel (pigments, thermostable enzymes, nitrogen fixation, wastewater treatment, removal of dyes and heavy metals from industrial effluents etc) of thermophilic algae along with their CO2 sequestration potential are also highlighted. Nitrogen fixation ability of thermophilic algae makes them promising candidates for biofertilizers and their characteristics providing stability in such harsh conditions are also highlighted. Their recent advances in terms of CRISPR-Cas as a genetic tool, challenges and future prospects are also elaborated while preparing the present review article.
... Worldwide, geothermal areas which are favorable habitats for thermophilic organisms were limited to a restricted number of sites in New Zealand [8], Jordan [9], United States [10], Italy [11], and Turkey [12]. In India, nearly 400 thermal springs under seven geothermal provinces were distributed [13]. ...
Amylase and lipase producing novel bacterium (strain IC5) were isolated from Bandaru hot spring, Karnataka, India. The cell was found to be thermophilic, gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile, capable of growing at different optimum parameters of pH 7, temperature 55°C and tolerated maximally 0-8% (w/v) NaCl, which has the ability to show good amylotic and lipolytic activities. Phylogenetic analysis of the bacterium using the 16S rRNA gene was revealed that the strain belongs to genus Geobacillus. The isolated strain IC5 was in close resemblance with the gene of Geobacillus thermoleovorans EC-5 having 99% of similarities. During the production of amylase, the maximum activity was found when temperature and pH ranged from 50 to 60 ºC and from 7 to 8 respectively. The strain used starch as a carbon source with an agitation speed of 120rpm for maximal amylase production.
... Magarmuha, Badabareni (Angul), Bankhol (Angul), has not been studied in detail till now. The old and known hot spring lies in Bansadhara basin, Taptapani (Ganjam), is studied by Athamallick (Angul) and Boden (Nuapada) in Odisha [39] , Singh Archana et al 2016 [41] , Pradhan B et al, 2016 [42] , Mohanty S et al, 2014 [20] , Das [43] , Palita S. K, 2012 [44] ) and their results of studies are given in Table 3. ...
Abstract: Hot springs had been of interest to religion, society, biology, and geology in past. The multi-faceted research on the hot
spring is now expanded to extremophilic, microbial, metagenomic, water chemistry, food nutrition, agriculture and metallurgical
investigations. Hot springs manifests at active places of past volcanism, tectonic activities, areas near shear zones, faults, fractures and
fissures. The pressure gradient created between the crust and the atmosphere pipes out hot water.Hot springs (340numbers in India)
has been identified in different fault /shear zones of India fromwestern/eastern Himalayas, SONATA zones in Peninsular India up
toWestern ghats and Godavari garben. The State Odisha has 3, 3, 1 and 1 numbers of perrinial/intermitentsulphurous hot springs in it
MSZ (Atri, Tarabalo&Deulajhari), NOBL(magarmunha, Banakhola&Badaberena), VSZ (Taptapani) and NSZ(Boden) respectively
discharging <10cumec having temperature <700 C which are less scientifically explored. Three hydrothermal springs Tarabalo,
Deulajhari and Badaberena are multiple outlets clustered in a patch of area. Elemental Analysis by Energy Dispersive X-ray
Fluorescence (EDXRF) with EPSLON software bynon-destructive methods was employed to assess the quantity of element present in
the water of the hot springs at Atri, Tarabalo lying in an iso fault zone MSZ and compared with similar results of hydrothermal units of
Odisha and India. The baleneopathic and pelotherapic uses for health, wellness and ecotourism has been discussed for developing
fitness and spa resorts as the water is not upto drinking standard.
... Magarmuha, Badabareni (Angul), Bankhol (Angul), has not been studied in detail till now. The old and known hot spring lies in Bansadhara basin, Taptapani (Ganjam), is studied by Athamallick (Angul) and Boden (Nuapada) in Odisha [39] , Singh Archana et al 2016 [41] , Pradhan B et al, 2016 [42] , Mohanty S et al, 2014 [20] , Das [43] , Palita S. K, 2012 [44] ) and their results of studies are given in Table 3. ...
Hot springs had been of interest to religion, society, biology, and geology in past. The multi-faceted research on the hot spring is now expanded to extremophilic, microbial, metagenomic, water chemistry, food nutrition, agriculture and metallurgical investigations. Hot springs manifests at active places of past volcanism, tectonic activities, areas near shear zones, faults, fractures and fissures. The pressure gradient created between the crust and the atmosphere pipes out hot water.Hot springs (340numbers in India) has been identified in different fault /shear zones of India fromwestern/eastern Himalayas, SONATA zones in Peninsular India up toWestern ghats and Godavari garben. The State Odisha has 3, 3, 1 and 1 numbers of perrinial/intermitentsulphurous hot springs in it MSZ (Atri, Tarabalo&Deulajhari), NOBL(magarmunha, Banakhola&Badaberena), VSZ (Taptapani) and NSZ(Boden) respectively discharging <10cumec having temperature <700 C which are less scientifically explored. Three hydrothermal springs Tarabalo, Deulajhari and Badaberena are multiple outlets clustered in a patch of area. Elemental Analysis by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) with EPSLON software bynon-destructive methods was employed to assess the quantity of element present in the water of the hot springs at Atri, Tarabalo lying in an iso fault zone MSZ and compared with similar results of hydrothermal units of Odisha and India. The baleneopathic and pelotherapic uses for health, wellness and ecotourism has been discussed for developing fitness and spa resorts as the water is not upto drinking standard.
The Teesta River Basin is situated in the northeastern Himalayas and is known for its stunning natural features, including diverse ecosystems, glaciers, hot springs, and perennial river streams. The composition of isotopes (δ¹⁸O, δD, and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) can serve as potential indicators of fluvial and lithological feeds as the river flows from the high-altitude glacial sources to the downstream of a basin. This study employs a quantitative approach to analyze the sources of water in the Teesta River system, focusing on its flow, lithological composition, and geothermal origins. A Monte Carlo-based three-endmember isotope mixing model is constructed to determine the contribution of source endmembers to the discharge of the river. Results show a maximum mean contribution from groundwater (48 ± 6.0%) with other inputs from rainfall (37 ± 4.3%) and snow/glacial melt (15 ± 5.8%). A state-of-the-art basin-specific Monte Carlo-based four-endmember strontium (Sr) model is also developed to segregate the contribution of dissolved Sr flux from different lithologies. The model shows the maximum mean contribution of Sr from silicate lithologies (177 ± 138.2 nm). The river samples collected from glaciated locations show maximum Sr contribution from carbonate lithologies. Moreover, two natural thermal springs at North Sikkim are investigated for stable isotopic composition and heavy metals. Arsenic contamination (67.05 ppb) with a high amount of tin (2095.35 ppb) is found in the thermal spring near the Changme glacial snout, which hints at an isolated geothermal system with an arsenic source.
This chapter narrates about the geothermal potential fields of India. Here the four majors fields of India namely the NW-SE Himalayan Arc, North East Region, and Andaman Nicobar Islands, Son-Narmada-Tapti Lineament (So-Na-Ta), West Coast Continental Margin, Gondwana Graben. The major Himalayan arc includes geothermal fields like Puga, Chhumthang, Manikaran, Beas and Tapoban geothermal fields. The Son-Narmada-Tapti lineament includes geothermal fields like Tatapani, Salbardi, Anhoni-Samoni and Unkeshwar. The west coast continental margin has geothermal fields like cambay, northern and eastern Bombay offshore, konkan geothermal province along with Unai, Dholera and Gandhar. The chapter at last is concluded with the resource estimation and field development plan of the above-mentioned fields.
Rajgir thermal spring field in Bihar, Eastern India, holds international significance due to its historical and multi-religio-cultural importance. Present study attempted to understand the aquifer system to arrest its diminishing discharge in the backdrop of climate change and urbanization. The study identified three aquifer systems, namely fractured quartzite, basement granite, and overlying alluvium, that are working in tandem toward the delicate balance in recharge and discharge in the thermal spring field controlled by the regional fault system. Geological study along with geophysical surveys through gradient resistivity profiling, vertical electrical sounding, and electrical resistivity tomography is carried out to identify local distribution of the fault system. Based on the study, a geological map of the area is prepared followed by preparation of water table contour map. Study of exploratory borehole tapping the fracture zone reveals that the fracture system is under thermo-artesian condition capable of 5 m3/h yield with 40 m drawdown. This translates into transmissivity of about 1 m2/day. Historical rainfall, spring discharge, and groundwater hydrograph of the area are correlated and show that an average time lag of about 20–30 days exists between peak rainfall and peak groundwater level and about 30 days between peak rainfall and peak discharge. It highlights the importance of local recharge for survival of the thermal spring field. Rainfall and potential evapotranspiration data analysis shows that recharge occurs only when annual rainfall exceeds 850 mm, making the variability in rainfall due to climate change a potential threat to adequate recharge. The area is also witnessing growing urbanization which is altering the local groundwater regime. Analysis of historical water level shows that groundwater table declined by about 2 m in the last decade. Comparison with earlier studies is used to identify the changes in groundwater flow pattern in the area. Spatial variation in groundwater temperature is mapped and statistically analyzed. Results show that temperature above 30.8 °C may be considered as samples having signature of thermal water component. It is also observed that thermal water is restricted in some fixed pathways. Discharge measurements are carried out to study diurnal variation and effect of pumping. A set of private borewells, where thermal water is reported, is also studied. Typically, these wells are limited to the weathered part of the rock formation and do not tap fractures. Based on hydrogeological scenario, a local hydrodynamic model is conceived. Further, a management plan is suggested for sustenance of the thermal spring field with potential solution involving establishment of a carefully regulated zone with prohibition of energized pumping. Based on the present study, Government of Bihar has accepted the recommendation and is in the process of implementation.
Mesophilic and thermophilic methanogens belonging to the hydrogenotrophic, methylotrophic, and acetotrophic groups were isolated from Indian hot spring environments using BY and BCYT growth media. Following initial Hinf I-based PCR–RFLP screening, 70 methanogens were sequenced to ascertain their identity. These methanogens were phylogenetically and physiologically diverse and represented different taxa distributed across three physiological groups, i.e., hydrogenotrophs (53), methylotrophs (14) and acetotrophs (3). Overall, methanogens representing three families, five genera, and ten species, including two putative novel species, were recognized. The highest number and diversity of methanogens was observed at 40 ℃, dominated by Methanobacterium (10; 3 species), Methanosarcina (9; 3 species), Methanothermobacter (7; 2 species), Methanomethylovorans (5; 1 species) and Methanoculleus (3; 1 species). Both putative novel methanogen species were isolated at 40 ℃ and belonged to the genera Methanosarcina and Methanobacterium. At 55 ℃, limited diversity was observed, and resulted in the isolation of only two genera of methanogens, i.e., Methanothermobacter (28; 2 species) and Methanosarcina (4; 1 species). At 70 ℃, only members of the genus Methanothermobacter (5; 2 species) were isolated, whereas no methanogen could be cultured at 85 ℃. Ours is the first study that documents the extensive range of cultivable methanogenic archaea inhabiting hot springs across various geothermal provinces of India.
In this research, we examined the microbial diversity in Sohna hot spring, Haryana, India using shotgun metagenome sequencing based on the Illumina Hiseq 4000 sequencing technology. The raw sequence data from metagenomic paired-end libraries were analysed for taxonomic classification, diversity, and functional annotation using MG-RAST online server. The results showed the presence of total of 57 phyla, 931 genera, and 2068 species, predominantly occupied by Moraxellaceae (Gammaproteobacteria). However, at the species level, we reported the presence of some representative pathogenic taxa, such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Moraxella osloensis. The functional annotation predicted at various levels based on SEED-based subsystem, KEGG ortholog identity (KO), Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COGs) database identified the predominance of genes associated with primary and secondary metabolism along with a crucial role in environmental and genetic signals, cellular communication, and cell signalling. Comparative Genome Analysis (CGA) using The Pathosystem Resource Integration Centre (PATRIC) tool based on genome annotation and assembly of the metagenomic libraries for representative taxon Acinetobacter baumannii (NCBI tax id:470) characterized the reads with a unique genome identifier of 470.20380 (A. baumannii DDLJ4) which is evolutionary closer to A. baumannii ATCC 470.17978 400667.7. In addition, the CARD database results about the presence of potential AMR pathotypes and the prevalence of adeABC, adeIJK, abeM gene-specific clusters that function as multidrug efflux pumps. Overall, the results provided a comprehensive insight into virulence and anti-microbial resistance mechanism and could be useful for developing potential drug targets against the possible AMR pathotypes.
