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Technical data of Mercedes-Benz engine OM 906 LA
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Diesel engine emissions (DEE) are classified as probably carcinogenic to humans. In recent years every effort was made to reduce DEE and their content of carcinogenic and mutagenic polycyclic aromatic compounds. Since 1995 we observed an appreciable reduction of mutagenicity of DEE driven by reformulated or newly designed fuels in several studies....
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... investigations were carried out at the emission test facility of the Institute for Technology and Biosystems Engineering at the German Agricultural Research Centre in Braunschweig, using a Mercedes-Benz engine OM 906 LA with turbocharger and intercooler meeting the Euro 3 ex- haust limits (Table 1). ...
Context 2
... case the decomposition during the phase interface process increases the formation of mutagenic substances, a variation of the physical prop- erties of the vegetable oil-if possible-may be helpful solving this problem. Table 2 Numbers of revertants in tester strain TA98 and TA100 (mean ± standard deviations of quadruple tests) induced by particle extracts and the corresponding exhaust condensates per L exhaust TA98 -S9 TA98 + S9 TA100 -S9 TA100 + DF diesel fuel, GTL natural gas derived fuel, RME rapeseed methyl ester, RSO rapeseed oil, mRSO preheated rapeseed oil Significance of differences of GTL, RME, RSO, and mRSO were tested versus common DF using Student's t-test for independent variables, two- sided, * P < 0.01, ** P < 0.001, *** P < 0.0001 ...
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Biodiesel (in Germany usually rapeseed oil methyl ester, RME) is used as a neat fuel as well as in blends with mineral diesel fuel (DF). Thus, in 2008 in Germany a total of about 2.7 million tons (about 3.1 billion litres) of biodiesel were sold, of which 41 percent was used as a neat fuel and 59 percent in blends. Since then, because of the tax re...
Citations
... Investigations on triglycerides strengthened this assumption. [89] 8.2 Internal diesel injector deposits (IDID) ...
The combustion of chemicals in engines is much more than a transformation of chemical energy into kinetic energy. Fuel, engine and exhaust gas treatment form a unit with mutual dependencies and optimisation potentials.
Above all, the creation of diesel fuels with different biodiesel proportions or biocomponents (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil, HVO) and raw material provenances is becoming one of the greatest challenges for the petroleum and vehicle industry from a global point of view.
But also offers the potential of a timely, based on existing infrastructure, positive climate change. New regenerative fuels entail properties such as polarity, soot mitigation potential and strong solution properties that require optimal formulations, suitable combustion parameters, and chemical resistance of fuel-bearing components.
The paper summarizes the most important findings on biofuels and describes the need for action and research, as well as future challenges for biofuels as a pure fuel and blend component from the point of view of business and science.
... Nitrogen oxides (NOx) released into the atmosphere are the primary cause of exhaust emissions that produce optical smog, acid rain, ozone generation, and the greenhouse effect. The IMO has announced the regulation of NOx in marine engines since 1 January 2016 [6]. Recently, as the NH3-SCR system is highly effective in reducing NOx, studies have been focused on expanding the active temperature range of catalysts [7-9]. ...
Many researchers have conducted experiments on the position and nozzle conditions in the exhaust pipe of a stage/swirl mixer, as well as the injection position required to satisfy the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) regulations. In this study, an SCR (Selective catalytic reduction) system was designed through basic and detailed designs. The performance of the components was verified through a single-component performance test for the detailed design components, and the total nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction efficiency was predicted using the proven system. Subsequently, the system was applied to an actual engine, and the performance was verified according to the engine operating conditions using the experimental variables. The NOx reduction rate and NH3 slip characteristics in relation to MCR (Maximum Continuous Rating) conditions using the optimised SCR system indicate that the NOx reduction rate exceeds 80% in all MCR conditions. Finally, the SCR system developed in this study proves that the performance of the SCR system satisfies the IMO regulatory requirements.
... Biodiesel, as a possible sustainable replacement for fossil diesel fuel, has been widely proven to reduce exhaust pollutant emissions, e.g., carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), and total hydrocarbon (HC). However, the increased toxicity of PM from pure biodiesel was observed recently through the mutagenicity test (Bunger et al. 2007;Steiner et al. 2015). So it is clear that we need to deeply study detailed exhaust PM components, especially related to toxicity and adverse health effects. ...
... Besides PAHs, their oxygenated and nitrated derivatives (OPAHs and NPAHs) are also identified as toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. Moreover, certain NPAHs have been identified as powerful direct mutagenic activity and carcinogenicity (Enya et al. 1997;Bunger et al. 2007). Therefore, more attention should be paid to the understanding the potential environmental and health risks associated with biodiesel. ...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), oxy- and nitro-derivate PAH (OPAH and NPAH) emissions from a direct injection diesel engine fueled with conventional fossil diesel (D), waste cooking oil biodiesel (B100), and their two blends (B20 and B50) were compared. The results show that B100 can reduce low molecular weight PAHs such as naphthalene, acenaphthylene, and fluorene as much as 90% compared with diesel. However, the emissions of high molecular weight PAHs including benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene decrease slightly when using B100. The emission levels for PAHs and OPAHs present comparable, while NPAH emission levels are five to ten times lower than those of PAHs and OPAHs. Compared with diesel, PAH and NPAH emissions significantly decrease. On the contrary, an increase trend of OPAH emission has been observed with adding biodiesel. For the specific parent PAHs and its oxygenated and nitrated derivatives, the fractions of parent PAHs gradually decrease with increasing biodiesel content in the blends, while the corresponding oxygenated and nitrated derivative fractions observably increase, especially for the high molecular weight compounds. Considering the increase of OPAH and NPAH fractions in total particle-phase PAHs when using biodiesel, in-depth biodiesel cytotoxicity assessment should be conducted.
... Since this historical air pollution episode, a large number of studies have demonstrated the association between air pollution and human disease including respiratory and lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma attacks, pulmonary cancer, leukemia, birth defects and immune system defects, cardiovascular problems, heart disease and stroke, neurobehavioral disorders, and liver and other types of cancer [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Diesel combustion to generate power has existed for well over a century and is used in heavy machinery such as large trucks and oil tankers [19][20][21][22]. The mechanism by which diesel exhaust impacts human health is being studied extensively [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. ...
Atmospheric pollution has been a principal topic recently in the scientific and political community due to its role and impact on human and ecological health. 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (9,10-PQ) is a quinone molecule found in air pollution abundantly in the diesel exhaust particles (DEP). This compound has studied extensively and has been shown to develop cytotoxic effects both in vitro and in vivo. 9, 10-PQ has been proposed to play a critical role in the development of cytotoxicity via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through redox cycling. This compound also reduces expression of glutathione (GSH), which is critical in Phase II detoxification reactions. Understanding the underlying cellular mechanisms involved in cytotoxicity can allow for the development of therapeutics designed to target specific molecules significantly involved in the 9,10-PQ-induced ROS toxicity. This review highlights the developments in the understanding of the cytotoxic effects of 9, 10-PQ with special emphasis on the possible mechanisms involved.
... The plant based vegetable oils can be directly used as fuel for diesel engine without modifications, but pure or partially esterified oils may lead to distinctive engine problems such as injection plugging, piston ring sticking, carbon deposits which can cause engine failure or require more frequent maintenance and clean the engine [1][2][3][4]. Generally the neat vegetable oils releases very hazardous exhaust emissions than using diesel fuel that adversely impact the environment [5]. To overcome this problem, transesterification process will be used to produce biodiesel in the form of methyl ester using vegetable oils and methyl or ethyl alcohol [6]. ...
... Soybased biofuels have been recently studied suggesting that biodiesel and diesel emissions have comparable toxicity for many cardiopulmonary endpoints (Bass et al., 2015;Madden, 2016). Contrasted conclusions on mutagenic effects of rapeseed-methyl ester supplemented fuels have been reported, stressing the need for further toxicological assessments (Bunger et al., 2007;Westphal et al., 2013;Andr e et al., 2015). ...
The contribution of diesel exhaust to atmospheric pollution is a major concern for public health, especially in terms of occurrence of lung cancers. The present study aimed at addressing the toxic effects of a repeated exposure to these emissions in an animal study performed under strictly controlled conditions. Rats were repeatedly exposed to the exhaust of diesel engine. Parameters such as the presence of a particle filter or the use of gasoil containing rapeseed methyl ester were investigated. Various biological parameters were monitored in the lungs to assess the toxic and genotoxic effects of the exposure. First, a transcriptomic analysis showed that some pathways related to DNA repair and cell cycle were affected to a limited extent by diesel but even less by biodiesel. In agreement with occurrence of a limited genotoxic stress in the lungs of diesel-exposed animals, small induction of γ-H2AX and acrolein adducts was observed but not of bulky adducts and 8-oxodGuo. Unexpected results were obtained in the study of the effect of the particle filter. Indeed, exhausts collected downstream of the particle filter led to a slightly higher induction of a series of genes than those collected upstream. This result was in agreement with the formation of acrolein adducts and γH2AX. On the contrary, induction of oxidative stress remained very limited since only SOD was found to be induced and only when rats were exposed to biodiesel exhaust collected upstream of the particle filter. Parameters related to telomeres were identical in all groups. In summary, our results point to a limited accumulation of damage in lungs following repeated exposure to diesel exhausts when modern engines and relevant fuels are used. Yet, a few significant effects are still observed, mostly after the particle filter, suggesting a remaining toxicity associated with the gaseous or nano-particular phases.
... Algae and cyanobacteria produce toxins that could cause dermatitis, neurological disruptions Very strong mutagenicity of DEP extracts and condensates from combustion of RSO and mRSO. [232] Bacterial mutagenicity S. typhimurium TA 98 and TA100, standard plate incorporation assay, PB/5,6BFinduced rat liver S9 DF and blends of biodiesel Mutagenicity is induces stronger from DPM derived from biodiesel, and also increases with increasing biodiesel fractions in fuel samples. [234] Bacterial mutagenicity S. typhimurium TA 98 with and without S9 activation/Ames Salmonella assay FAME from coconut, palm, rapeseedl, soybean and linseed oils; DF Euro IIIengine OM 906 of Mercedes-Benz with turbocharger and intercooler The lowest mutagenicity is for palm oil methyl ester next to coconut oil methyl ester. ...
This paper overviews the technological, technical, economic, environmental, social, toxicological and human health risk considerations of biodiesel production and use. The future efforts in the technological domain should be directed towards low–cost and non–edible feedstocks, advanced technologies with reduced overall production costs and profitable production capacity. Process innovations that include new more active and stable catalysts, advanced reactors, continuous operation, lower energy inputs, better energy balance and lower GHG emissions and produce low or no wastes can lead to more efficient biodiesel production. Environmentally sustainable biodiesel production requires that sustainability standards cover direct and indirect impacts on the environment, i.e. soil, water and air. The combination of technological with economic, social and environmental issues will increase biodiesel benefits and may lead to integrated biorefineries capable of producing sustainable biodiesel and other valuable chemicals. Government policies will be the primary driving force for further increases in biodiesel production. Increased cooperation among governments and various stakeholders is needed to develop and apply corresponding sustainability criteria in a consistent way worldwide as soon as possible.
... In direct contrast, studies have also revealed that B20 use in trucks and buses increases the organic carbon (OC) concentration in PM. 6,7 This OC in biodiesel PM is relatively soluble and thus poses an additional toxicological concern. 8 Although few studies investigate the health effects of biodiesel PM emitted from vehicles, there is evidence suggesting that biodiesel fuels can be more mutagenic 9 and cytotoxic than petroleum diesel (also see ref 8 and references therein) and also evidence showing reduced mutagenicity. 10 Knowledge of compositional differences is indeed important for understanding the toxicological effects of aerosol particles from vehicles and is also required for proper accounting within the global emissions inventories that support dispersion, air quality, forecasting, and chemical mass balance models. ...
... On the contrary, Hemmingsen et al. (2011) suggested that canola-based biodiesel particles were less toxic than conventional petrodiesel particles. The reported mutagenic effect of biodiesel particles as compared with regular diesel fuel has also been contradictory: lesser for rapeseed-and soy-based biodiesel-derived particles (Kado and Kuzmicky 2003) and higher for rapeseed-based biodiesel particles (Bünger et al. 2007). More recently, Jalava et al. (2010) reported the differences in the induction of DNA strand breaks between combustion particles from rapeseed biodiesel fuel and pure diesel. ...
Biodiesels represent more carbon-neutral fuels and are introduced at an increasing extent to reduce emission of greenhouse gases. However, the potential impact of different types and blend concentrations of biodiesel on the toxicity of diesel engine emissions are still relatively scarce and to some extent contradictory. The objective of the present work was to compare the toxicity of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) from combustion of two 1st-generation fuels: 7% fatty acid methyl esters (FAME; B7) and 20% FAME (B20) and a 2nd-generation 20% FAME/HVO (synthetic hydrocarbon biofuel (SHB)) fuel. Our findings indicate that particulate emissions of each type of biodiesel fuel induce cytotoxic effects in BEAS-2B and A549 cells, manifested as cell death (apoptosis or necrosis), decreased protein concentrations, intracellular ROS production, as well as increased expression of antioxidant genes and genes coding for DNA damage-response proteins. The different biodiesel blend percentages and biodiesel feedstocks led to marked differences in chemical composition of the emitted DEP. The different DEPs also displayed statistically significant differences in cytotoxicity in A549 and BEAS-2B cells, but the magnitude of these variations was limited. Overall, it seems that increasing biodiesel blend concentrations from the current 7 to 20% FAME, or substituting 1st-generation FAME biodiesel with 2nd-generation HVO biodiesel (at least below 20% blends), affects the in vitro toxicity of the emitted DEP to some extent, but the biological significance of this may be moderate.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9561-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
... Other studies have compared the acute toxicity exerted by BD and D emissions using mutagenicity assays, while the emissions of BD are less mutagenic than D with high sulphur content fuel (Kado and Kuzmicky, 2003). Recent studies demonstrated that BD is more mutagenic when compared to ultralow sulphur diesel fuel (ULSD) (Bunger et al., 2007;Kisin et al., 2013). BD exhaust have effects similar to those observed for D, as shown in animal exposure study. ...
Objectives:
The inflammatory effects of organic sub-10nm particles generated and emitted from a diesel engine fueled with a biodiesel and a commercial diesel oil are analyzed in this paper. Diesel combustion is the major sources of ultrafine particles (UFP) in the environment, particularly in urbanized areas. In the last years, there is an increasing use of biomass-derived fuels because they are a renewable source of energy that may mitigate climate change through the reduction of net CO2 with respect to conventional fossil fuels. Although there is a general agreement on biofuels ability to reduce conventional pollutants, new and potentially harmful pollutants can be formed during biofuel combustion. In particular, the emission of sub-10nm particles is strongly increased with respect to that of larger soot particles.
Methods:
Organic sub-10nm particles are separated from larger sizes particulate matter by collection in water suspension for toxicological and inflammatory tests. After exposure to sub-10nm particles, the effects on proliferation, apoptosis and secretion of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors networks production is analyzed in immortalized non-tumorigenic human dermal keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and human alveolar epithelial-like cells (A549).
Results and conclusion:
Nanoparticles exert different cytotoxic effects in the two cell lines, suggesting that the dermal way of exposure is more sensitive than the inhalant way. These differences are most evident in the secretion of pro-inflammatory, angiogenic and proliferative cytokines and chemokines whose expression is more finely modulated in HaCaT cells compared to A-549 cells. Considering the size of these particles, it is important to promote the culture of prevention also for the dermal way in particularly exposed workers.
