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... the LT service container is integrated into the ELG (Sec tion 2.7) so that it can be used through the web UI or APIs. The architecture consists of three lay ers: base infrastructure, platform backend, plat form frontend (Figure 2). ...
Citations
... Nevertheless, MF reported that she had never obtained either "basic" or "advanced" training. However, student's writing abilities can greatly benefit from the application of the strategy of self-evaluation and use rubrics in scoring (Al-Mwzaiji & Alzubi, 2022;Mahasneh, 2020;Meihami & Varmaghani, 2013;Rehm et al., 2021;Wambsganss et al., 2022). The assertion was supported by the opinions of more than half of the teachers. ...
The study examines English Teachers’ knowledge and attitudes concerning different assessment methods in SMK Ky Ageng Giri. Understanding assessment concepts helps teachers choose and create the best methods to assess students. How much SMK instructors Ky Ageng Giri knew about writing assessment and if they had formal training before instructing are two major research topics. Three SMK Ky Ageng Giri English teachers complete open-ended surveys and classroom observations. The poll found that most individuals had some formal training, but 33.3% had none. All teachers claimed they had no formal assessment writing training. More than half complained about creating evaluation projects to evaluate their students. The open-ended questionnaire answers match class practice and evaluation background. The study aims to evaluate the implementation of current educational programs in classrooms and identify assessment writing concerns among English teachers to inspire Vocational School teachers to review their assessment processes.
... Researchers can use these results as baselines for this corpus against which to compare their results. The top ranked model resulting from this study has been made available through the European Language Grid (ELG) platform (Rehm et al. 2021). This allows for easy access to experiment with it. ...
Disorder named entity recognition (DNER) is a fundamental task of biomedical natural language processing, which has attracted plenty of attention. This task consists in extracting named entities of disorders such as diseases, symptoms, and pathological functions from unstructured text. The European Clinical Case Corpus (E3C) is a freely available multilingual corpus (English, French, Italian, Spanish, and Basque) of semantically annotated clinical case texts. The entities of type disorder in the clinical cases are annotated at both mention and concept level. At mention -level, the annotation identifies the entity text spans, for example, abdominal pain. At concept level, the entity text spans are associated with their concept identifiers in Unified Medical Language System, for example, C0000737. This corpus can be exploited as a benchmark for training and assessing information extraction systems. Within the context of the present work, multiple experiments have been conducted in order to test the appropriateness of the mention-level annotation of the E3C corpus for training DNER models. In these experiments, traditional machine learning models like conditional random fields and more recent multilingual pre-trained models based on deep learning were compared with standard baselines. With regard to the multilingual pre-trained models, they were fine-tuned (i) on each language of the corpus to test per-language performance, (ii) on all languages to test multilingual learning, and (iii) on all languages except the target language to test cross-lingual transfer learning. Results show the appropriateness of the E3C corpus for training a system capable of mining disorder entities from clinical case texts. Researchers can use these results as the baselines for this corpus to compare their own models. The implemented models have been made available through the European Language Grid platform for quick and easy access.
... This problem has received more attention in the EU project European Language Grid (ELG), which started in 2019 and concluded in June 2022. The ELG cloud platform contains more than 14,000 running services and resources for all European languages (Rehm et al. 2021;Rehm 2023). 60 Experience with infrastructures such as these has demonstrated that the EU's approach to data infrastructures must be crafted with Big Data technology and LT in mind. ...
... Four countries have programmes dedicated to LT (Denmark, Estonia, Iceland, Spain), six provide funding for LT-related topics through AI (Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Malta) and two (Ireland, Latvia) that do not have LT programmes, but rather a language strategy defined by their governments. See also Rehm et al. (2016Rehm et al. ( , 2020aRehm et al. ( , 2021. ...
This chapter on existing strategic plans and projects in Language Technology and Artificial Intelligence is based on an analysis of around 200 documents and is divided into three sections. The first provides a synopsis of international and European reports on Language Technology. The second constitutes a review of existing European Strategic Research Agendas, initiatives, and national plans related to Language Technology. The third contains a SWOT analysis designed to identify the factors that will need to be addressed to help solve the challenge of digital language inequality in Europe. Among the principal conclusions presented is the contention that our continent requires sophisticated multilingual, cross-lingual and monolingual LT for all European languages: LT for Europe that is made in Europe.
... FRBR defines as distinct classes the concepts of Work (an abstract notion for any creative creation), Expression (the realisation of a single work, such as a certain version or edition), and Manifestation (the distribution of a single realisation, e.g., on paper, or as a digital dataset). 10 Digital and digitised lexical resources are also included in catalogues for digital humanities researchers, such as the European Language Grid 11 (Rehm et al. 2021;Piperidis et al. 2022) and META-SHARE 12 (Piperidis 2012) and those maintained in CLARIN national centres 13 (Eskevitch et al. 2020). ...
This paper presents LexMeta, a metadata model for the description of lexical resources, such as dictionaries, word lists, glossaries, etc., to be used in language data catalogues mainly targeting the lexicographic and broader humanities communities but also users exploiting such resources in their research and applications. A comparative review of similar models is made in order to show the differences and commonalities with LexMeta. To enhance semantic interoperability and support the exchange of (meta)data across disciplinary and general catalogues, the most influential models for our purposes, namely FRBR (used in library catalogues) and META-SHARE (used for language resources), are selected as a base for the design of LexMeta. We discuss how these models are aligned and extended with new properties as required for the description of lexical resources. The formal representation of the model following the Linked Data paradigm aims to further enhance the semantic interoperability. The choice to implement it in two formats (as an RDF/OWL and as a Wikibase ontology) facilitates its adoption and hence its enrichment, yet poses challenges as to their synchronisation, which are addressed through automatic workflows. We conclude with ongoing and planned activities for the improvement of the model.
... Rehm, et al. [8] present an overview of various European LT and AI reports. As part of the European Language Grid, the 32 ELG National Competence Centres contributed information about the national funding situation for AI-and LT-related topics in their respective countries [9,10,11]. ...
... The European Language Grid platform (Rehm et al. 2021) offers various functionalities for providers of Language Resources and Technologies (LRTs) through which they can share their assets with the Language Technology (LT) community and interested clients, customers or users of these technologies. The minimum requirement is that they make them accessible (by uploading them to ELG or through another website) and describe them with a metadata record that complies with the ELG specifications (see Chapter 2), where they specify the access location and licensing con-Dimitris Galanis · Penny Labropoulou · Miltos Deligiannis · Leon Voukoutis · Katerina Gkirtzou · Athanasia Kolovou · Dimitris Gkoumas · Stelios Piperidis Institute for Language and Speech Processing, R. C. "Athena", Greece, galanisd@athenarc.gr, ...
The ELG platform enables producers of language resources and language technology tools and services to upload, describe, share, and distribute their services and products as well as to describe their companies, academic organisations and projects. This chapter presents the functionalities offered through web-based user interfaces for describing LT resources or related entities with metadata and for managing their publication. It gives a detailed description of the options that providers of LT tools can exploit to integrate them into ELG as ready-to-deploy services and the tools that ELG offers in their support during the preparation, upload and integration phases. The tools and packaging recommendations for resources to be uploaded in ELG are also presented. The chapter concludes with a discussion of functionalities offered to providers by ELG and other related platforms.
... The European Language Grid (ELG) platform (Rehm et al. 2021) provides access to Language Technology (LT) tools and services, both basic Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools and end-to-end applications, as well as data resources, such as structured and unstructured datasets and corpora, Machine Learning models, lexica, ontologies, terminologies, etc. Chapters 7 (p. 131 ff.) and 8 (p. ...
This chapter describes the European Language Grid cloud platform from the point of view of a consumer who wishes to access language resources or make use of language technology tools and services. Three aspects are discussed: 1. the webbased user interface (UI) for casual and non-technical users, 2. the underlying REST APIs that drive the UI but can also be called directly by third parties to integrate ELG functionality in their own tools, and 3. the Python Software Development Kit (SDK) that we have developed to simplify access to these APIs from Python code. The chapter concludes with a preview of the upcoming payment module that will enable the sale of commercial LT services and resources through ELG, and a discussion of how ELG compares and relates to other similar platforms and initiatives.
... 46 http://purl.org/dc/terms/ 47 https://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/ 48 https://sparontologies.github.io/datacite/current/datacite.html 49 It is worth stressing that some entries from the LOD Cloud present a unique email for resources with multiple authors. ...
The need for reusable, interoperable, and interlinked linguistic resources in Natural Language Processing downstream tasks has been proved by the increasing efforts to develop standards and metadata suitable to represent several layers of information. Nevertheless, despite these efforts, the achievement of full compatibility for metadata in linguistic resource production is still far from being reached. Access to resources observing these standards is hindered either by (i) lack of or incomplete information, (ii) inconsistent ways of coding their metadata, and (iii) lack of maintenance. In this paper, we offer a quantitative and qualitative analysis of descriptive metadata and resources availability of two main metadata repositories: LOD Cloud and Annohub. Furthermore, we introduce a metadata enrichment, which aims at improving resource information, and a metadata alignment to META-SHARE ontology, suitable for easing the accessibility and interoperability of such resources.
... Grid 9 [50,51], a European platform for language technologies. This integration has multiple implications: First of all, it is open and free, which enables us to provide our backend software as a service to not just the design team, but anyone interested in ACA. ...
The increasingly rapid spread of information about COVID-19 on the web calls for automatic measures of quality assurance. In that context, we check the credibility of news content using selected linguistic features. We present two empirical studies to evaluate the usability of graphical interfaces that offer such credibility assessment. In a moderated qualitative interview with six participants, we identify rating scale, sub-criteria and algorithm authorship as important predictors of the usability. A subsequent quantitative online survey with 50 participants reveals a conflict between transparency and conciseness in the interface design, as well as a perceived hierarchy of metadata: the authorship of a news text is more important than the authorship of the credibility algorithm used to assess the content quality. Finally, we make suggestions for future research, such as proactively documenting credibility-related metadata for Natural Language Processing and Language Technology services and establishing an explicit hierarchical taxonomy of usability predictors for automatic credibility assessment.
... Participants from Latvia are among the core members of European Language Grid (ELG) and European Language Equality (ELE) projects. The objective of the Horizon 2020 project European Language Grid is to address fragmentation in the European language technology business and research landscape by establishing the ELG as the primary platform for language technology in Europe and to strengthen European LT business regarding the competition from other continents (Rehm et al, 2021). Various Latvian language processing tools and resources are already available and can be executed on the ELG platform, 10 including machine translation systems, text-to-speech and speech-to-text tools, POS taggers. ...
