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4 Tapirus terrestris. Credit: Diego G. Tirira. Location: Yasuní National Park, Orellana province, Ecuador. Note: Infant
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In Ecuador, there are 12 recognized species and 16 taxa of neotropical ungulates. The tapirs (Tapiridae) include two species: Tapirus pinchaque and T. terrestris, present in highlands and humid tropical and subtropical forest in the Amazon, respectively; traditionally, a third species of tapir was added to the Ecuadorian fauna, Tapirus bairdii; how...
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... Pudu mephistophiles (de Winton, 1896) (Northern pudu) is a neotropical species of deer (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) that is difficult to find and has few records . It is distributed in the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (Escamilo et al., 2010;Tirira et al., 2019) across an area estimated to be between 90,000 and 130,000 km 2 (Escamilo et al., 2010). Two distinct populations inhabit this area, separated by the Huancabamba Depression (Vuilleumier, 1984): one to the north (Colombia, Ecuador, and the extreme north of Peru), and another to the south (in the north and center of Peru) (Barrio & Tirira, 2019;Escamilo et al., 2010;Hershkovitz, 1982;Lehmann, 1959Lehmann, , 1960. ...
... The species has been recorded at altitudes between 1700 and 4000 m (Escamilo et al., 2010;Tirira et al., 2019). Records at higher altitudes, up to 4500 m (Mattioli, 2011;Tirira, 2007), are not confirmed and appear to be erroneous . ...
... The study area of the northern population of Pudu mephistophiles covers the ecosystems known as paramo and Andean forest, which correspond to the Andean regions of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (Escamilo et al., 2010;Tirira et al., 2019). This area forms part of the Paramo biogeographic province, in the subprovinces Cordillera Central Occidental, Northern Ecuador, and Central-Southern Ecuador (Morrone, 2021). ...
Pudu mephistophiles (Northern Pudu) inhabits the Andean regions of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Studies on the reports of its occurrence are scarce and tend not to be up to date, making it difficult to analyze or carry out research on its populations and conservation status. In this study, we collected information on the presence of the northern population of P. mephistophiles (sensu stricto) to predict its potential distribution using a maximum entropy model. According to our results, we conclude that P. mephistophiles (sensu stricto) occurs along the Cordillera Central (Central mountain range) in Colombia, south of the Department of Antioquia and mainly in the Departments of Nariño and Cauca, and in apparently small areas of the Cordillera Occidental (Western mountain range); there are no confirmed records in the Cordillera Oriental (Eastern mountain range). In Ecuador, the species occurs in the provinces of Carchi, Loja, and Zamora Chinchipe; it also inhabits the extreme north of Peru, in the Department of Cajamarca. The main variables that determine the areas of distribution of P. mephistophiles were minimum temperature of the coldest month (BIO6), annual mean temperature (BIO1), and precipitation seasonality (BIO15). This information was contrasted with the known distribution of the species, a requirement for obtaining baseline knowledge to promote research and the conservation of this species.
... For the construction of the models, the maximum entropy algorithm implemented in MaxEnt [61], through the kuenm package [62], was used. Aware that this type of algorithm, used for creating ecological models, is susceptible to configurations and parameterizations [63], which can cause problems related to over-fits and over-predictions in the final results [57], a rigorous calibration process was applied. This calibration consisted in the creation of candidate models, using a single set of variables (Set 1), 13 different regularization multiplier (RM) values (0.1-1 with intervals of 0.1, 1-4 with intervals of 1), as well as 29 possible combinations of feature classes (FC) (l = linear, q = quadratic, p = product, t = threshold, and h = hinge). ...
... ∆AICc = 0). This is a clear difference compared to previous studies [29,69], where an exhaustive process was not applied in the selection of configurations and parameterizations in the calibration process, which is known to be very important for the final results of the models [63]. ...
At present, climate change is a direct threat to biodiversity and its effects are evidenced by an increasingly accelerated loss of biodiversity. This study identified the main threats presently facing the Tapirus pinchaque species in Ecuador, generated predictive models regarding its distribution, and analyzed the protected areas as a conservation tool. The methodology was based on a literature review and the application of binary predictive models to achieve these objectives. The main results indicate that the T. pinchaque is seriously threatened, mainly by changes in land use. In addition, three models were selected that show current and future suitable areas for the conservation of the species. Its current distribution amounts to 67,805 km2, 33% (22,872 km2) of which is located in 31 of the 61 protected areas. Finally, it is important to take timely actions focused on biodiversity conservation, considering the importance of balance in ecosystems to the humans dependent thereof, and the results regarding the changes in the current and future distribution areas of the mountain tapir are a great contribution to be used as a management tool for its conservation.
... The historical and current distribution of the Andean tapir in western Ecuador, overlaps with non-scientific reports on the presence of Tapirus bairdii in that region. Moreover, there are no specific records of Tapirus bairdii in the region, and its presence is not supported by any evidence (Tirira et al. 2019); since the confusion of shape, weight and color of the two tapir species can be common, we infer that the reports from chronicles most likely corresponded to Tapirus pinchaque. ...
... The historical and current distribution of the Andean tapir in western Ecuador, overlaps with non-scientific reports on the presence of Tapirus bairdii in that region. Moreover, there are no specific records of Tapirus bairdii in the region, and its presence is not supported by any evidence (Tirira et al. 2019); since the confusion of shape, weight and color of the two tapir species can be common, we infer that the reports from chronicles most likely corresponded to Tapirus pinchaque. ...
We present a novel report of Tapirus pinchaque, widening its range of distribution to southwestern Ecuador.
This work summarizes recent knowledge regarding the diversity and distribution
of 11 Orders of mammals from Peru. Species information is presented for the country, ecoregions and, for the first time, by individual departments. Furthermore,
we identified endemic species for the country and provided elevation ranges per
species. To compile our information, we conducted an exhaustive review of the
scientific literature and specimens in scientific collections, consulting with specialists when needed to verify records. We report 191 species belonging to the orders
Didelphimorphia (46 spp.), Paucituberculata (2), Sirenia (1), Cingulata (5), Pilosa (8),
Primates (42), Lagomorpha (2), Eulipotyphla (3), Carnivora (33), Perissodactyla (2),
and Artiodactyla (47, including 32 cetaceans); 22 of these are endemic to Peru. Due
to their high diversity and number of taxonomic changes, the Orders Chiroptera and
Rodentia will be treated separately in future articles. The species records presented
here, together with previous reports of bats (189 spp.) and rodents (189 spp.) yield
a current total 569 species of mammals for Peru. Finally, we provide taxonomic
notes for species that exhibit differences with respect to the previously published
list of Peruvian mammals. We hope that this first list of mammals by department
encourages further studies of Peruvian mammalian diversity at the regional level.
Palabras clave:
Mastofauna peruana; lista anotada; departamentos; endemismo; conservación.
This work summarizes recent knowledge regarding the diversity and distribution of 11 Orders of mammals from Peru. Species information is presented for the cou-ntry, ecoregions and, for the first time, by individual departments. Furthermore, we identified endemic species for the country and provided elevation ranges per species. To compile our information, we conducted an exhaustive review of the scientific literature and specimens in scientific collections, consulting with specia-lists when needed to verify records. We report 191 species belonging to the orders Didelphimorphia (46 spp.), Paucituberculata (2), Sirenia (1), Cingulata (5), Pilosa (8), Primates (42), Lagomorpha (2), Eulipotyphla (3), Carnivora (33), Perissodactyla (2), and Artiodactyla (47, including 32 cetaceans); 22 of these are endemic to Peru. Due to their high diversity and number of taxonomic changes, the Orders Chiroptera and Rodentia will be treated separately in future articles. The species records presented here, together with previous reports of bats (189 spp.) and rodents (189 spp.) yield a current total 569 species of mammals for Peru. Finally, we provide taxonomic notes for species that exhibit differences with respect to the previously published list of Peruvian mammals. We hope that this first list of mammals by department encourages further studies of Peruvian mammalian diversity at the regional level.
