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Table showing summary statistics for all variables

Table showing summary statistics for all variables

Contexts in source publication

Context 1
... the research, leverage is included since financial institutions traditionally pay more attention to ESG information as leverage increases (Ghosh, 2013). Table 1 reveals summary statistics for selected dependent, independent, and control variables. The descriptive statistics includes minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation for the dependent, independent, and control variables. ...
Context 2
... the research, leverage is included since financial institutions traditionally pay more attention to ESG information as leverage increases (Ghosh, 2013). Table 1 reveals summary statistics for selected dependent, independent, and control variables. The descriptive statistics includes minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation for the dependent, independent, and control variables. ...

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Citations

... Three variables were used to determine the performance and market value of firms. Prior studies have used ROA as an indicator of profitability since it is the most comprehensive measure of a firm's performance (Russo et al. 1997;Puri, 2022 ...
... It has been proposed by Ibhagui and Olokoyo (2018) that firm size plays a significant role in determining the relationship between capital structure and firm performance. Additionally, larger firms have the advantage of generating internal funds and accessing external capital more easily (Puri, 2022). This research measured firm size as the natural logarithm of total assets (Puri, 2022 ...
... Additionally, larger firms have the advantage of generating internal funds and accessing external capital more easily (Puri, 2022). This research measured firm size as the natural logarithm of total assets (Puri, 2022 ...
Article
Full-text available
This research aims to investigate the impact of leverage on the performance of small and large publicly listed firms in New Zealand. Further, it explored the moderating effect of agency costs on the association between leverage and firm performance. The research sample includes quarterly data from New Zealand firms from 2010 to 2021. To test the hypotheses, univariate and multivariate methods were used, such as correlation and panel data regression. The empirical results show that leverage has a significant positive impact on the performance of small firms, but a negative impact on their market value. In large firms, the opposite trend occurs, with firms having a higher market value when they have a higher level of debt in their capital structure. Additionally, the findings show that agency costs have a considerable impact on the relationship between leverage and firm performance. Regardless of the size of the firm, the market value and performance of firms improve when agency cost is introduced as a moderating variable. This study supports the theory that agency costs contribute to enhancing firms' market value by allowing managers to allocate their discretionary spending to more profitable, value-enhancing projects, leading to fewer agency conflicts. The insights can be instrumental in improving the overall performance of firms by achieving an optimal debt structure and utilising debt effectively.