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TOPICAL GLAUCOMA MEDICATIONS: SYSTEMIC AND OCULAR SIDE EFFECTS
Source publication
As the number of glaucoma patients rasing up by aging population, importante is, to point out facts about glaucoma patients as contact lens carriers. Diagnostic and therapy options as well as quality of life are discussed and recommended. Glaucoma as chronic desease needs adequate specific diagnostic procedure as a visual field depending on the rig...
Citations
... A prevalence study for East, Central, and Southern Africa indicates that about 10,000 people are affected by glaucoma with an annual incidence rate of 400 new cases per million populations [17,18]. The prevalence of glaucoma in Sub-Saharan Africa is also very high and thus has been considered as a major public health issue for the region [19]. ...
... On the other hand, it is not uncommon for glaucoma patients who already have a compromised trabecular meshwork to experience pressure spikes after cataract surgery [41]. Removing the cataract lens also reduces the production of PEX material [17,33,34] that may produce obstruction of the collector openings. There is a similar result from the previous research [17,33,34]. ...
... Removing the cataract lens also reduces the production of PEX material [17,33,34] that may produce obstruction of the collector openings. There is a similar result from the previous research [17,33,34]. ...
Objective
Because of the increase in the number of cases, currently, glaucoma is a significant public health issue that it leads to optic nerve damage and vision loss. High Intraocular Pressure reading indicates that the treatment given to a glaucoma patient is not sufficient/ adequate. Hence, the elevation of intraocular pressure is one of the indicators that, the therapy given to glaucoma patients under treatment is inadequate. Therefore, the main objective of the current study was to investigate predictors for the variation of elevation of IOP readings on glaucoma patients.
Materials and methods
A retrospective cohort study design was conducted on 1254 glaucoma patients, whose followed-ups were from September 2015 to August 2016 at Felege Hiwot Teaching and Specialized Hospital, North West Ethiopia. Data analysis was conducted using Statistical Analysis of Systems (SAS) software version 9.2 and AMOS software. The parameter estimation was conducted using the maximum likelihood estimation technique.
Results
Main effects like age ( β = 0.01, t -value = 0.15, p -value = 0.018), patients with normal blood pressure ( β = -3.35, t -value = -2.28, p -value = 0.0263), patients without diabetics ( β = -3.79, t -value = -2.47, p -value = 0.014), visiting times ( β = -6.00, t -value = -5.02, p -value = 0.0001), farmer glaucoma patients ( β = -6.04, t -value = 3.87, p -value = 0.0001) had significant and indirect effect for the variation of elevation of IOP on glaucoma patients. Interaction effects like visiting time with existence of diabetes, visiting time with cataract surgery significantly effected on the variable of interest. Hence, both main and interaction effects had significant effects on the variable of interest.
This study had identified socio-demographic characteristics, personal/individual behaviors, and clinical factors for the variation of elevation of IOP. The findings, in the current investigation, help health staff to conduct health-related education for awareness creation. Health-related education, about the progression of glaucoma, should be conducted on patients.
... It is hypothesized that mechanisms other than tear film separation, such as changes in corneal epithelium and/or cytokine production, may also contribute to the poorer TBUT and OSDI values in long term wearers. Furthermore we should be aware that there is an increasing number of contact lens wearers being treated due to glaucoma with additional negative influence on tear film stability (Salopek-Rabatić et al 2013, Kaštelan et al. 2013c). Our investigation was conducted as a pilot study with a smaller number of participants. ...
The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between the self-reported symptoms and objective signs of dry eye disease in long-term rigid gas-permeable (RGP) or soft contact lens (SCL) wearers.
The study included 84 eyes of Caucasian RGP and SCL wearers between the age of 15 and 71 who wore contact lenses on a continuous daily basis for more than 1 year. Symptoms were assessed according to the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). Clinical assessments included corneal fluorescein staining according to the National Eye Institute (NEI) staining grid and tear film break-up time (TBUT).
There were more female (76.19%) than male (23.81%) persons with a higher proportion of RGP wearers among the females (88.89% vs. 11.11%). The mean duration of daily lens wear was 7.71±2.72 hours. No RGP wearer in this study had a NEI corneal staining grid score higher than 2. A weak negative correlation was found between daily lens wear duration and TBUT (Pearson's coefficient, r=-0.1467). A strong negative correlation was found between TBUT and OSDI values (r=-0.844).
The results of the study emphasize the importance of early and accurate diagnosis of dry eye disease for successful long term RGP and SCL contact lens wear. This will hopefully motivate future larger scale investigations on dry eye related problems in contact lens wearers.
... We should be aware that the symptoms of OSD can severely impair glaucoma patients' functioning and quality of life with discomfort being an important aspect to consider in the followup [9,11,16,40,41]. Topically treated glaucoma patients with OSD recorded lower quality-of-life scores versus patients without surface damage. ...
The treatment goals for glaucoma are lowering the intraocular pressure and preservation of vision. Topical hypotensive drops are the standard form of therapy which is often associated with some symptoms of toxicity, ocular inflammation, allergy, or ocular surface disease (OSD). OSD is a common comorbidity in glaucoma patients, and its prevalence with glaucoma increases with age. Use of topical treatment could additionally increase symptoms of OSD mostly due to preservatives added to multidose medication bottles used to reduce the risk of microbial contamination. This toxicity has been particularly associated with BAK, the most commonly used preservative which damages conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells and significantly aggravates OSD symptoms. OSD adversely affects patients' quality of life causing discomfort and problems with vision which in turn may result in noncompliance, lack of adherence, and eventually visual impairment. In the management of glaucoma patients OSD symptoms should not be overlooked. If they are present, topical glaucoma treatment should be adapted by decreasing the amount of drops instilled daily, using BAK-free or preservative-free medication and lubricants if necessary. Awareness of the presence and importance of OSD will in turn improve patients' adherence and compliance and thus ultimately the preservation of long-term vision.
... Conflicting results have been reported on the association between dry eye and some factors, including alcohol, cigarette BioMed Research International 3 smoking, caffeine, acne, and menopausal status. Likewise, very few reports exist on the risk of dry eye with use of oral contraceptives and during pregnancy [5,9,10,[17][18][19]]. ...
Dry eye disease or dysfunctional tear syndrome is among the most frequent diagnoses in ophthalmology. It is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface and tear film which results in ocular discomfort, visual disturbances, and tear instability with potential damage to the cornea and conjunctiva. Risk factors for dry eye syndrome include age, sex (female gender), race, contact lens wear, environment with low humidity, systemic medications, and autoimmune disorders. The aim of this paper is to present the systematic classification, epidemiology, diagnostic procedures, and advances in the management of dry eye disease. The recent improvements in comprehending the underlying etiologic factors will inevitably improve future classifications and diagnostic abilities leading to more effective therapeutic options. Treatment of this highly prevalent condition can drastically improve the quality of life of individuals and prevent damage to the ocular surface.
