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4: TLR4 activation pathway with MyD88 dependent and independent signaling cascade.

4: TLR4 activation pathway with MyD88 dependent and independent signaling cascade.

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The Immune system exerts its response against invading pathogens via a cumulative, sequential cooperation of immune cells coordinated by their secreted products. Immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), express toll-like receptors (TLRs) to sense the presence of pathogens through pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). T...